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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



ilap* injtgtigll !f o* 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



Latin Exercises 



INTRODUCTORT TO 



O^SAE'S GALLIC WAE, 



TO ACCOMPANY THE STUDY OF 



BLACKBURN'S "ESSENTIALS OF LATIN GRAMMAR/* 






BOSTON : 
GESTN, HEATH, AND COMPANY. 

1883. 



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S'/r 



s 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, 

By F. a. BLACKBURN, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



J. 8. CusHiNG & Co., Printers, Boston. 



PREFACE. 



rriHESE exercises have been prepared as a necessary 
supplement to my " Essentials of Latin Grammar " 
to furnish the needed illustration and drill for the 
beginner. They do not essentially differ from other 
collections of the same plan and aim, but in compiling 
them I have kept in view the following objects : — 

1. To provide the means for studying the Grammar 
systematically from the beginning. Most exercise-books 
for beginners in Latin are so arranged as to use the 
Grammar as a reference-book only, giving the pupil 
detached principles to hold in memory until he begins 
the study of his first Latin author. In this, on the con- 
trary, the Grammar is taken in its own order, and the 
few verb-forms and principles of syntax necessary to 
make sentences are put in the vocabularies and notes ; 
nothing is anticipated, and the use of the Grammar as 
a book of reference is limited to portions already mas- 
tered, until the pupil reaches the exercises on syntax. 

2. To make the earlier lessons very simple, so as to 
require as little labor as possible in translation and 
leave a broad margin of time for the thorough mastery 
of forms. If my experience is of any value, poor scholar- 



4 PREFACE. 

ship in Latin is far more often the result of lack of 
training in the inflections than in the syntax. The 
latter is comparatively easy when the forms are perfectly 
familiar and the general force of flectional syllables 
understood and felt. The earlier sentences, therefore, 
are very easy ; exercise in translation will come later. 

3. To make the pupil familiar, so far as it can be done 
in a book of this kind, with the vocabulary and style of 
Caesar's Commentaries, and thus render easier the hardest 
step in the study of Latin, — the transition from the exer- 
cise-book to a Latin author. To this end all the words 
are taken from the first book of the Gallic War, and the 
sentences are from the same source with the necessary 
changes, omissions, and variations. The Gallic War has 
been chosen because it is usually the first Latin author 
put into the pupil's hands, and these exercises are meant 
to be, as they are entitled, " introductory " to it. 

In the matter of orthography I have followed, though 
with reluctance, the usual custom of distinguishing y from 
i and u from v (except after q^ g^ and s), believing that 
the slight inconsistency ofusage between the Grammar 
and Exercise-book would be less trouble to a beginner 
than the difficulty of unlearning a system after once 
becoming familiar with it. Marks of quantity have 
been added in the vocabularies and indices, but in the 
exercises they have been used only as an aid to pronun- 
ciation and accent, and this aid is gradually withdrawn. 



PREFACE. 5 

No consistent plan of noting quantity has been followed ; 
the marks have been added to those syllables which as 
experience shows, are most often mispronounced. In a 
few instances also the quantity mark has been used to 
give the pupil a hint of the case used ; e.g,^ the ablative 
singular of a-stems or accusative plural of i-stems. 

References to the Grammar are added in both vocabu- 
laries and indices to all words in the form or syntax of 
which there is anything irregular or peculiar. The 
notes are intended to cover all cases where the pupil, if 
left without help, would be likely to go astray, and the 
hints and directions for the use of the book are meant 
for such teachers as from lack of experience in teaching 
elementary Latin may feel the need of them. 

Corrections and suggestions will be welcome. 

F. A. BLACKBURN. 

San Francisco, Cal., 

July 27, 1883. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



abl ablative. 

ace accusative. 

act active. 

adv adverb. 

(c.) common 

conj conjunction. 

(f.) . . . . . feminine. 
ind indicative. 



inf infinitive. 

(m.) masculine. 

(n.) neuter. 

pi plural. 

prep , . preposition. 

pres present. 

sing singular. 

w wiY^. 



Gr., Blackburn's ^'Essentials of Latin Grammar.'' 
A small figure added to a word refers to the notes which follow the exercises. 



OOI^TEI^TS. 



EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

I. Preliminary 9 

n. The a-declension ; present indicative of sum ; subject 
nominative; agreement of the finite verb; agree- 
ment of the predicate-noun 9 

III. The e-declension ; imperfect indicative of sum . . .10 

IV. The o-declension ; questions . . . . . 11 
V. Adjectives of the a- and o-declensions ; agreement of the 

adjective ; present indicative active and present in- 
finitive active of the a-stem verb ; direct object . 12 
VI. Irregular a- and o-stem adjectives ; indirect object . 13 
VII. Review of Group A. ; present indicative passive of the 

a-stem verb ; vocative ...... 14 

VIII. The consonant-declension ; agreement of the appositive 15 
IX. Adjectives of the consonant-declension; future indicative 

active of sum 16 

X. The i-declension ; extent of time and space . . .17 

XL Adjectives of the i-declension, ..... 18 

XII. The u-declension 19 

XIII. Review of the declensions ; irregular nouns ... 21 

XIV. Numeral adjectives 22 

XV. Comparison of adjectives 23 

XVI. Irregular comparison 24 

XVII. Personal and possessive pronouns 25 

XVIII. Demonstrative pronouns ; is, ille, iste, ipse . . .26 

XIX. Demonstrative pronouns ; hie, idem .... 27 

XX. Relative, interrogative and indefinite pronoun . . .28 

XXI. Inflection of the verb 28 

XXII. Incomplete tenses of a-stem verbs ; moods in indepen- 
dent sentences .29 

XXIII. Incomplete tenses of e-stem verbs 30 

XXIV. Incomplete tenses of consonant-stem and u-stem verbs . 31 



CONTENTS. 



XXY. Incomplete tenses of short i-stem verbs 

XXYI. Incomplete tenses of long i-stem verbs 

XXYII. Complete tenses, active voice 

XXYIII. Yerb-forms from the simple stem 

XXIX. The periphrastic conjugations 

XXX. Review of verbs ; irregular verbs ; sum and 

pounds 

XXXI. Irregular verbs ; edo, fero .... 

XXXII. Irregular verbs ; volo, nolo, malo . 

XXXIII. Irregular verbs ; do, eo, fio . 

XXXIY. Impersonal and defective verbs 



its com- 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 

XXXY. Nominative, vocative and accusative cases . 

XXXYI. Dative case . . .... 

XXXYII. Locative case 

XXXYIII. Genitive case ; source and cause 

XXXIX. Genitive case ; possessive and special uses . 

XL. Ablative case proper 

XLI. Instrumental ablative ..... 

XLII. Locative ablative 

XLIII. Comitative ablative 

XLIY. Ablative absolute ; ablative with prepositions 

XLY. Use of the tenses 

XLYI. Subjunctive in dependent clauses 

XLYII. Subjunctive in dependent clauses (continued) 

XLYIII. Infinitive .... 

XLIX. Participles .... 

L. Gerund and gerundive 

LI. Supine 

LII. Forms of conditional sentences 

LIII. Indirect discourse . 

LIY. Indirect discourse (continued) 

LY. Indirect discourse (continued) 

LYI. Relations of place 

LYII. Relations of place (continued) 

LYIII. Relations of time 

LIX. Relations of time (continued) ..... 

LX. Caesar, B. G. I., cap. I.-IY. For miscellaneous review 



67 
68 



LATIN EXERCISES. 



EXERCISES. 



EXERCISES ON FORMS. 



Preliminary. 
Learn thoroughly Gr. 1-51, and practise to secure a 
good pronunciation and the habit of placing the accent 
rightly. 

II. 

The a-declension ; Gr. 62-56. 

Present indicative of the verb sum (to be). 

Subject nominative. 

Agreement of the finite verb. 

Agreement of the predicate noun. 

VOCABULARY. 

Gallia, -ae, Gaul (now France). e or ex (prep. w. abl.),i out of, from. 

lin.gua,j-ae, tongue, speech, language. ad (prep. w. ace), to, towards, for. 

Belgae, -arum (pi.), Belgians. et (conj.), and, also. 

causa, -ae, cause, reason. non (adv.),^ not. 

Garunina, -ae, Garonne (river). sum, *(/) am. 

Aqviitania, -ae, Aquitania (now es, (tliou) art. 

S. W. France). est, (he, she, it) is. 

in (prep, with abl.), in, on, among. sumius, (loe) are. 

in (prep, with ace), into, to, to- estis, {you) are. 

wards, for. sunt, {they) are. 

* The personal pronoun-subject is expressed in Latin only when 
emphatic ; in ordinary speech the verb-form shows the person and 
number of the subject. 



10 EXERCISES OK FORMS. 

EXERCISES. 

1. in Gallia sum. 2. lingua^ Belgarum. 3. in Garumnam. 
4. ad Garumnam. 5. causa es.^ 6. ex Aquitania. 7. sumus 
in Gallia. 8. ad Belgas. 9. Belgae causa sunt. 10. lingua 
Galliae lingua Belgarum non est. 11. in Belgis. 12. in 
Gallia et in Aquitania. 13. ex Aquitania in Galliam. 

1. We are the cause. 2. To the Belgians. 3. Out of 
Gaul. 4. In the language of the Belgians. 5. The 
Garonne is in Gaul and Aquitania. 6. The Garonne is 
not in [the land of] ^ the Belgians. 7. He is not the 
cause. 8. There is no cause.^ 9. Out of Gaul into [the 
land of] the Belgians. 10. Toward the Garonne. 



III. 

The e-declension ; Gr. 57-60. 

Imperfect indicative of the verb sum (to he), 

VOCABULARY, 

res, rei, thing, matter, circumstance. provincia, -ae, province. 

dies, diei (c.),* day. natiir5, -ae, nature, character, 

fides, -ei, faith, belief , promise. eraiu, (/) was. 

spes, -ei, hope. eras, (thou) wast. 

cUm (i^re^.w. 3ibl.), with, along with. erat, (he, she, it) was. 

gloria, -ae, glory. eramtis, (we) were. 

copia, -ae, plenty, supply. eratis, (you) were. 

copiae ('pl.), forces, troops. erant, (they) were. 

EXERCISES. 

1. cum Me. 2. erat spes gioriae. 3. fidei causa. -^ 
4. cum provinciae copiis. 5. in provincia n5n est Garumna. 
6. causarum erat copia. 7. rerum nattira. 8. cum Belgis 

* Gender is denoted by (m.), (f.), (n.) or (c), but only when the 
noun is an exception to the rules given in the Grammar. 



EXERCISES ON EOHMS. 11 

eratis. 9. in copiis proviiiciae Belgae erant. 10. Belgae 
noil sumiis. 11. gloria cliei. 12. copiae Belgarum in 
provincia sunt. 13. rerum causa. 

1. The glory of the days. 2. You^ are the glory of the 
province. 3. The troops of the province are among the 
Belgians. 4. There are troops in Gaul. 5. By the na- 
ture of glory. 6. With faith and hope.^ 7. He was in 
Aquitania with the Belgians. 8. For the sake of the prov- 
ince. 9. You were in Gaul for the sake of glory. 10. Out 
of the province into Gaul. 



IV. 

The o-declension ; Gr. 61-69. 
Questions. 

VOCABULARY. 

animiis, -i, spirit^ courage, mind. regniiin, -i, hingdorriy kingly power. 

bellum, -i, icar. ager, agri, land, farm-land, field. 

Rbenus, -i, Rhine (river). frumentum, -i, corn, grain (often 
proelium, -i, battle. pL). 

Galli, -orum (pL), Gauls (a filius, -i, son. 

people). popiilus, -i, a people, a nation. 

Germani, -orum (pL), Germans. f ilia, -ae, daughter-, (Gr. [54]). 

iiiitiuni, -i, beginning. imperium, -i, power, sway. 

a or ab (prep. w. abl.),i ait;ay/ro7/z, trans (prep. w. ace), across, be- 

from. yond. 

EXERCISES. 

1. belli causa Galli erant. 2. ab initio belli. 3. in 
agro frumentum est. 4. in agris Gallorum frumenti est 
copia. 5. ab Rheno ad Gar um nam. 6. cum filiis et 
filiabus. 7. nonne in Gallia initio belli eras? 8. non 
eram. 9. cum fide et animo. 10. trans Rhenum in 
Germanis eramus. 11. estne copia frumenti? 



12 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

1. Was there plenty of corn? 2. There was. 3. In 
the beginnmg^ of the war the Germans were in Gaul. 
4. B}^ the sway of Gaul. 5. By the nature of the land. 

6. The glory of the war. 7. The spirit of the Belgians. 
8. The peoples of Gaul. 9. From the Garonne to the 
Rhine. 10. Are you Gauls? 11. We are not. 12. Was 
the nature of the land the cause of the battle? [No.] 

Adjectives of the a- and o-declensions ; Gr. 70. 

Agreement of the adjective. 

Present indicative active and present infinitive active 

of the a-stem verb. 
Direct object. 

VOCABULARY, 

altiis, -a, -iiiii, high, deep, pugn o, (/) fight. 

BJnlciX^, -3,, -urn^ friendly . piignas, (thou) fightest. 

angustiis, -a, -nm, narrow. pugnat, (he, she, it) fights. 

cttpidtis, -a, -urn, desirous. pugnainiis, (we) fight. 

latiis, -a, -um, broad. pugnatis, (you) fight. 

meiis, -a, -liin (Gr. 126), my, mine. pugnant, (they) fight. 

pugnare, to fight. occup o, (/) seize. 

occupare, to occupy, seize. occup as, (thou) seizest. 
importare, to import. etc. etc. 

Rhodanus, -i, Rhone (river). import 6, (/) import. 
tuus, -a, -um, thy, thine, your, etc. etc. 

EXERCISES. 
1. trans Rhenum pugnat. 2. pugnare in Gallis. 3. regni 
cupidus est. 4. populi^ amici sunt. 5. trans Rhenum 
populi amici non sunt. 6. Galli amici^ Germanis non sunt. 

7. Gallorum amici German! n5n sunt. 8. angustine sunt 
Rhodanus et Rhenus? 9. Rhodanus angustus est; Rhenus, 
latus. 10. agrum amicorum non occupo. 11. importamus 
frumentum in Galliam. 



EXERCISES Ol^ FORMS. 13 

1. You are importing things into the province. 2. Were 
the nations desirous of war? 3. Is the Rhine deep? 4. The 
Rhine is deep and broad. 5. My son was friendly to your 
daughter. 6. Were you friendly to my daughter? 7. To 
fight with the Gauls across the Rhone. 8. My friends 
were desirous of war. 9. We are seizing the lands of 
the Belgians. 10. Are you seizing the lands of my 
friends? 11. My friends are importing corn into Gaul. 
12, We are desirous of glory. 



VI. 

Irregular a- and o-stem adjectives ; Gr. 71, 72. 
Indirect object. 

VOCABULARY. 

alius, -a, -ud,i another. do,^ (/) give. 

alter, -a, -uiii,^ the other (of two). dare, to give. 

totus, -a, -um, whole, all. nuiitio, (/) announce, tell. 

unijs, -a, -um, 0726. nunti sire, to announce, to tell, 

inultus, -a, -um, much, pi. many. ripa, -ae, bank (of a river). 

magnus, -a, -um, great, large. via, -ae, way, road, path. 

EXERCISES. 

1. totam provinciam occiipat. 2. aliae viae sunt. 3. to- 
tius belli causa eras. 4. Gallis fid em dat. 5. aliud regnum 
occupare. 6. multae viae in Gallia sunt. 7. Gallis causam 
nuntiat. 8. altera via angusta est. 9. ad ripam Khodani. 
10. Gallis nuntiamus belli magni initium. 11. alii pugnant, 
alii provinciam occiipant. 12. erantne viae in provincia? 

1. The Hhine is broad and large. 2. We give the prov- 
ince to the Belgians. 3. Are the Germans seizing the 
province? [No.] 4, Are you not fighting in Gaul? 5. The 
troops are on the road. 6. Some are desirous of glory ; 
others, of war. 7. The people give my son^ the king- 



14 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

dom. 8. In the whole province we are desirous of a 
battle. 9. There is one road in the province. 10. We 
give all Gaul to the Germans. 11. There is great hope 
of glory. 12. Courage gives the sway of Gaul to the 
Germans. 13. Was there a great war in Aquitania? 



VII. 

Review of Group A. 

Present indicative passive of a-stem verbs. 

Vocative. 

VOCABULARY. 

silva, -ae, forest. 6b (prep. w. ace), on account of, 
posteriis, -a, -urn, following, next. because of, for. 

Celtae, -arum (pL), Celts. victoria, -ae, victor?/. 

appello, -are,^ call. viiium, -i, wine. 

maturus, -a, -uin, ripe. appellor, (/) am called. 

deiis, -i (Gr. 68), god. appellaris, (thou) art called. 

gratia, -ae, popularity, favor. appellatiir, {he, she, it) is called. 

a or ab (prep. w. abl.), b^/ (to ex- appellamur, {we) are called. 

press the doer). appell amini, {t/ou) are called. 

noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours. appell anttir, {they) are called. 

EXERCISES. 

1. lingua nostra Galli appellantur.^ 2. alter Rhenus appel- 
latur ; alter, Rhodanus. 3. amici appellamini. 4. filiusne 
tuus imperii cupidus est? 5. nostrae filiae cupidae sunt 
gratiae. 6. Galli a Belgis Celtae appellantur. 7. Celtas 
Gallos appellamus. 8. frumenta in agris non erant matura. 
9. postero die^ proelium erat in silva Belgarum. 10. im- 
perium a dis datur. 11. multae res in Belgas non im- 
portantur. 12. proelium Gallis a filio tuo nuntiatur. 

1. Your son is telling [the news of] the battle to the 
Gauls. 2. The one* people is called Belgians; the other, 
Gauls. 3. You call the Belsrians Gauls. 4. The nations 



EXERCISES ON FOEMS. 16 

of Gaul are called Celts in the language^ of the Belgians. 
6, Land is given to the Germans b}^ the Celts. 6. You 
are desirous of war, Belgians.^ 7. They are fighting for^ 
many reasons, my son. 8. The gods are giving victory to 
our friends. 9. On the following day ^ there was a battle 
in the forest. 10. Wine is not imported into [the country 
of] the Belgians. 11. We do not import our wine. 12. The 
^rain^ is not ripe. 

VIII. 

The consonant-declension ; Gr. 73-90. 
Agreement of the appositive. 

VOCABULARY. 

adsuin,^ (/) am present, am hy. honor, -oris, honor. 

■ades, (thou) art present, art by. ciipiditas, -atis, desire, greediness. 

etc. etc. consul, -tilis, consul. 

absiini,^ (/) am absent, am away. tempiis, -oris, time. 

abes, [thou] art absent, art away. Caesar, -aris, Ccesar. 

etc. etc. mercator, -oris, trader, merchant, 

lex, legis, law. humanitas, -atis, culture, refine- 
flumen, -inis, river. ment. 

virtus, -utis, manhood, courage, civitas, -atis, state, 

merit. sol, solis, sun. 

EXERCISES. 

1. tempore belli non aderam. 2. nonne consul abest? 
3. regni cupiditas causa erat belli. 4. Caesar ob cupi- 
ditatem gioriae pugnat. 5. mercatores in Germanos multas 
res important. 6. cum fide et virtute. 7. Caesar consul 
leges civitati dat. 8. leges naturae a dels dantur. 9. leges 
totius Galliae multae erant. 10. tempore proelii trans 
flumen in Germanis eram. 11. honoris causa consules 
pugnant. 



16 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

1. With Caesar and the consuls. 2. With hope and 
courage. 3. Caesar fights on one^ bank of the river; 
the Germans on the other. 4. Corn is imported across 
the river by the traders. 5. Is Caesar, the consul, seiz- 
ing the land of the Belgians? 6. In the state of the 
Belgians are many rivers. 7. The courage of the traders 
is not great. 8. They were away from the province at 
the beginning of the war. 9. They are called great on 
account of courage and glory. 10. The courage of the 
Belgians is great. 11. We were absent from Gaul in 
the time^ of the war. 12. The gods give victory to the 
consul on account of [his] courage. 



IX. 

Adjectives of the consonant-declension ; Gr. 91-93, 
Future indicative active of the verb sum (to he). 

VOCABULARY. 

vetiis, -eris, old^ ancient. er o, (/) shall he. 

ulterior, -\u^, farther. eris, (thou) wilt he. 

citerior, -iiis, nearer. erit, (he, she, it) will he, 

mmor, -us, less, smaller. erimiis, (we) shall he. 

major, -us, larger, greater, eritis, (you) will he. 

quam (conj.), than. erunt, (they) will he. 

EXERCISES. 
1. in Gallia ulteriore pugnant Belgae. 2. in silva cum 
Celtis erimus. 3. Caesaris copiae in via erant. 4. hel- 
ium erit in Gallia. 5. non erat causa belli in provincia. 
6. nonne amici Caesaris eritis? 7. Belgae minus frumenti 
quam Galli important. 8. num Caesar consul erit? 9. pro- 
vinciam occupant et belli cupidi sunt. 10. Gallia citerior 
Caesaris provincia erat. 11. veteris belli proelia multa et 
magna ^ erant. 



EXERCISES ON FORMS. 17 

1. The Rhine is larger than the Rhone. 2. Across the 
Rhine are larger forests than in Gaul. 3. The forests will 
be smaller. 4. The Germans' courage is greater than the 
Gauls'. 5. Will there not be a battle in the forest? 6. My 
friends will be present. 7. The whole people was present. 
8. Farther Gaul is larger than Hither^ Gaul. 9. The war 
will be greater than the old [war].^ 10. My desire of war 
is less [than it was]. 11. A great battle is announced. 
12. The gods give victory and glory in war. 13. On the 
banks of the Rhine were many large- forests. 14. Some 
are friendly, others are desirous of war. 



X. 

The i-declension ; Gr. 94-105. 
Extent of time and space. 

VOCABULARY. 

pars, -rtis, part. cremo, -are, I hum, 

finis, -nis (c), end ; pi. hounds, post (prep, with ace), after, 

lands. multrtudo, -inis, multitude, 

mons, -ntis (m.), mountain. pater, -tris, father. 

mors, -rtis, death. annus, -i, year. 

urbs, -bis, city. pax, pacis, peace. 

mensis, -is, month. enuntio, -are, / announce. 

ignis, -Is, fire. amo, -are, I love. 

de (prep. w. abl.), down from, from. Germania, -ae, Germany. 

EXERCISES. 

1. rem enuntiat. 2. res enuntiatur. 3. filio meo res 
enuntiantur. 4. fines Belgarum magni erant. 5. pars 
mama io'ni crematur. 6. Caesar urbem cremat. 7. con- 
sulis causa pacem amo. 8. filius consulis amicus Caesari 
erat. 9. multos annos in finibus Belgarum eram. 10. de 
montein flumen. 11. a filio meo pax enuntiatur. 12. nmn 



18 EXERCISES OI^ FORMS. 

montes Galliae majores sunt quam nostri? 13. pater tuus 
urbis Galliae igni cremat. 14. post annos multos pax 
enuntiatur. 15. mors eonsiilis enuntiatur. 

1. The death of Coesar is announced. 2. A multitude 
of traders. 3. The cities of Gaul are large. 4. He is 
burning a part of the cities with fire. 5. I am friendl}^ to 
the consul's son for Caesar's sake. 6. The greediness of 
the traders was the cause of the war. 7. I was in the land^ 
of the Belgians many months. 8. There was a fire in the 
mountains [for] many days. 9. In the mountains there 
are m^an}^ rivers. 10. Some of the traders were among the 
Belgians, others were across the river. 11. The honors of 
Caesar are many. 12. I was among the mountains one 
month, 13. We announce peace. 

XI. 

Adjectives of the i-declension ; Gr. 106-108. 

VOCABULARY. 

omnis, -e, all; every. impero, -are, / order y I levy 

tres, tria (pL), three. (troops). 

oriens, -ntis, rising. legio, -onis, legion. 

oriens sol, east. altitiido, -mis, height or depth 

facilis, -e, easy. per (prep. w. ace), through. 

aptid (prep. w. ace), among, with. miles, -itis, soldier. 

EXERCISES. 

1. tres viae sunt per Galliam. 2. via facilis est per 
Belgas. 3. altitudo fluminis minor est. 4. tres partes 
sunt omnis Galliae. 5. tota via angusta erit. 6. In 
Gallia legio erat una. 7. tres legidnes provinciae^ im- 
perat. 8. Caesaris gratia apud milites magna erat. 

9. militibus fidem damns. 10. postero die tres legiones 



EXERCISES ON FORMS. 19 

aberant. 11. altitiido montium magna erat. 12. omnes 
viae angustae sunt et fluminum altitudo magna. 13. honor 
consulis major erat quam virtus. 14. virtute et animo 
honor et victoria militibus clantur. 

1. We shall be desirous of peace. 2. The old forest is 
burning.^ 3. I was. in the cit}^ three days. 4. All the 
roads are narrow. 5. At the beginning of the war there 
were three legions in Gaul. 6. The popularity of Csesar 
was less among the Gauls than among the Germans. 7. The 
courage of the soldiers gives peace to the province. 8. One 
part of the road was narrow ; the other part was easy. 
9. The hope of glory gives courage to the soldiers. 10. I 
levy three legions on the province (lit. order to the prov- 
ince). 11. I was in the province three months. 12. There 
is an easy road through Gaul. 13. All the legions were 
present. 

XII. 

The u-declension ; Gr. 109-113, 

VOCABULARY. 

cultfis, -us, civilization ; refinement. Dvimnorix, -igis, Dumnorix. 

laciis, -us (Gr. [110]), lake. Divitiactis, -i, Divitiacus. 

mantis, -us (f.), hand. Orgetorix, -igis, Orgetorix. 

occasus, -us, fall, setting (of the Piso, -onis, Piso. 

sun). Messala, -ae, Messala. 

occasus soils, sunset, west. matrimonium, -i, marriage. 

seuatus, -us, senate. habito, -are, I dwell. 
principatus, -us, leadership. 

EXERCISES. 

1. Dumnorix et Divitiacus cum Caesare pugnant. 2. a 
senatu amicus appellor. 3. tres menses in Gallia eram ; 
annum unum in urbe. 4. post mortem Caesaris in Ger- 
mania tres annos eramus. 5. Mem inter se-^ dant. 



20 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

6. Dumnorix igni^ crematur. 7. in urbe Belgarum habita- 
mus. 8. habitasne trans Rhodanum? 9. principatus 
cupidus erat Messala. 10. cultus provinciae major quam 
Gallorum est. 11. Piso et Messala tres mensis aberant in 
Gallia. 12. num in Gallia citeriore multos mensis eritis? 
13. pacem amat multitude. 14. populi causa pugnamus. 

1. The Belgians are distant from the culture and refine- 
ment of the province. 2. The Belgians dwell in one part 
of Gaul; the Gauls, in another. 3. Divitiacus is called 
friend by the senate. 4. After the death of Dumnorix, 
Piso was in the cit}^ [for] many months. 5. From the 
lake to the mountain. 6. Piso and Messala were consuls. 

7. The depth of the river is less than [that] of the lake. 

8. He gives his daughter in marriage^ to Dumnorix. 9. The 
consul, Messala, was on the mountain at^ sunset. 10. The 
lands of the Gauls are broad, ours are narrow. 11. He 
tells [the news of] the battle to the senate. 12. The 
leadership of Gaul is given to Caesar by the people. 



EXERCISES Oi^ FORMS. 21 



XIII. 

Review of the declensions. 
Irregular nouns ; Gr. 114-117. 

VOCABULARY. 

lociis, -i (Gr. [116]), place. iter, -itineris (Gr. [116]), journey, 

circiiin (prep. w. ace), around. march, route. 

domiis, -us (r.), (Gr. [lib]), house, Helvetii, -orum, Helvetians. 

home. voluntas, -atis, wish, consent, 

sanguis, -mis (m.), (Gr. [115]), IxiidJxio, -Sive, I am wintering. 

blood. 

EXERCISES. 

1. iter Helvetiorum Caesari nuntiatur. 2. tres legiones 
circum urbem hiemant. 3. clomus angusta erat. 4. locus 
maguus est. 5. iter non facile erit. 6. itinera facilia 
sunt. 7. voluntate Caesaris in Belgis habito. 8. regni 
cupiditate^ provinciam occupatis. 9. apud milites hiemo. 
10. iter vetus facile erat. 11. altero in loco proelium 
erat magnum. 12. agri militibus a popiilis Galliae dantur. 

13. initio belli spes erat victoriae magna. 14. trans flumen 
via angusta est. 15. pater mens in urbe non habitat. 

1. We are wintering among the Belgians. 2. The places 
^re large and broad. 3. The Helvetians are on the march. 
4. I dwell in Caesar's house. 5. Around the places was 
much blood. ^ 6. The Rhine and the Garonne are large 
rivers. 7. We were in the place three years. 8. The 
houses are small. 9. We were at home.^ 10. There is 
a road through the mountains. 11. Orgetorix was desirous 
of kingty power. 12. The soldier was at home on the 
next day. 13. The legions winter among the Helvetians. 

14. There was an easy route through Gaul. 15. Dumnorix 
and Divitiacus dwell among ^ the mountains. 



22 EXERCISES ON EOHMS. 

Numeral adjectives ; Gr. 118. 

VOCABULARY. 

passiis, -us, step, pace. confirm are, to fix, appoint, set, 

mille passuum, mile (1000 paces). confirm o, I ap 



pes, pedis (M.),foot. etc. etc. 

profectio, -onis, departure, start. homo, -inis, 711 an, person. 

viciis, -i, village. reditio, -onis, coming bach, return.. 

Alpes, -ium, Alps. Italia, -ae, Italy. 

EXERCISES. 

1. domum^ reditionis spes. 2. vici omnes cremantur* 
3. profectionem in tertium annum lege confirmant. 4. de- 
cem annos in Gallia eram. 5. millia passuum viginti tria 
silva abest. 6. flumen pedes undeviginti altum erat. 7. in 
itinere copia frumenti legionibus datur. 8. fratri tuo im- 
perium Gaili dant. 9. duae Galliae sunt ; citerior in Italia 
est, ulterior trans Alpis. 10. Gallia citerior minor est 
quam Gallia ulterior. 11. per Alpis in Galliam mercatores 
multas res important. 12. ob profectidnem militum pater 
tuus omnis vicos cremat. 13. in vicis amicis copia erat 
frumenti. 14. vici amicorum tuorum cremantur. 

1. The road is^ three miles from the river. 2. There is 
one legion in Farther Gaul. 3. Our departure is fixed by- 
law for^ the third year. 4. The Alps are high mountains. 
5. The Germans were in Gaul five months. 6. After the 
death of Orgetorix, the war was announced to my father 
by Piso. 7. Three months after the beginning of the war 
I was at home.-^ 8. Two legions are wintering in Gaul ; 
the one among the Belgians, the other across the Garonne. 
9. The city is ^ thirteen miles from the mountain. 10. On. 
the seventh day ^ I shall be on the bank of the Ehine. 



EXERCISES ON^ FORMS. 23 

XV. 

Comparison of adjectives ; Gr. 119-123. 

VOCABULARY. 

nobilis, -e, noble, of high birth. fortis, -e, brave. 

magis (ady.), more. longe (adv.), /a?', by far, 

difficilis, -e, difficult, hard. miniis (adv.), less. 

maxime (adv.), most, very, espe- Romanus, -a, -iiin, Roman, 

daily. facilis, -e, easy. 
spero, -are, / hope, I exjject. 

EXERCISES. 

1. una ex parte ^ mons altissimus- est; altera ex parte^ 
flumen Rhenus ; tertia, Rhodanus. 2. flumina latissima 
multa sunt. 3. Piso in Helvetiis hiemat. 4. tempore 
belli magnus est honor militum. 5. a senatu populi Ro- 
mani amicus appellatur. 6. apud Romanos in ripa fluminis 
aderamus. 7. difflcillimum est^ res in Belgas importare. 
8. itinera per Alpis in Galliam erant. 9. altitudo mon- 
tium magna est. 10. via non est alia. 

1. Among the Helvetians Orgetorix was far the noblest. 
2. The Belgians are the bravest of all the Gauls. 3. To 
seize all Gaul is difficult. 4. The journey is very difficult. 
5. There are many very high mountains in Gaul. 6. There 
are rivers in Gaul deeper than the Rhone. 7. The Rhine 
is broader than the Rhone. 8. The route through the Alps 
is harder. 9. We fight with the Romans. 10. The Ger- 
mans are braver than the Gauls. 11. It is more difficult^ 
to fio;ht with the Romans than with the Belgians. 



24 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

XYI. 

Irregular comparison ; Gr. [123]. 

VOCABULARY. 

bontis, -a, -tim, good. interior ; intimiis, inner ; inmost. 

maliis, -a, -tim, had. prior ; primiis, former ; first. 

parvus, -a, -iiin, small. proprior; proximiis, Clearer; ?zear- 
senex (Gr. [115]), old. est, next. 

jiivenis (Gr. [96]), yowyi^. ulterior; vliiixviis, further, furth- 
exteriis, -a, -fim,^ outside, outer. est. 

duo, -ae, -o (Gr. [72]), ^zi;o. Sequani, -oriiin, Sequanians (a 
inferiis, -a, -iiin,i lower, inferior. tribe). 

superiis, -a, -uni,^ upper. confirmo, -are, make (peace). 

EXERCISES. 
1. ad inferidrem partem flamiiiis Rheni. 2. cum proxi- 
mis civitatibus pacem confirmatis. 3. erant itinera duo; 
unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, alterum per pro- 
vinciam nostram. 4. quam^ maximis itineribus. 5. quam 
plurimas urbis occupant. 6. tres partes^ Helvetiorum trans 
Rhodanum sunt. 7. per Alpis erat proximum^ iter in Gal- 
liam ulteriorem. 8. Helvetii primus populus trans Rho- 
danum sunt. 9. in summo monte^ multi milites sunt. 
10. nostri milites fortiores sunt. 11. flumina Galliae 
major a quam Italiae sunt. 12. veterrima est urbs Hel- 
vetiorum. 

1. Nearer Gaul is smaller than Farther Gaul. 2. On 
the following day, Caesar was among the Sequanians. 3. I 
am making peace with as many states as possible.^ 4. Cae- 
sar's desire of kingly power was less than Piso's. 5. The 
former soldiers were younger and braver. 6. There are 
older men in the neighboring^ cities. 7. In the country 
of the Belgians are many large ^ cities. 8. The larger part 
of the multitude is on the road. 9. Victory is given to the 
braver men. 10. The Romans are called brave by our con- 
suls. 11. The old route is better than the narrow road. 



EXERCISES OK FORMS. 25 

XVII. 

Personal and possessive pronouns ; Gr. 124-126. 

VOCABULARY. 

inter (prep. w. ace), between, casus, -us, chance, accideiit. 

among. sui, etc., himself, herself, etc. 

eg"0, etc., /, 7?ie, etc. nullus, -a, -uni (Gr. 71), no, no 
tu, etc., thou, thee, etc. one. 

suus, -a, -iiin, his, his own, her, etc. vester, -tra, -triiin, your, yours. 

EXERCISES. 

1. tu, mi fill, junior es quam ego. 2. nostri ammi belli 
cupidi sunt. 3. principatum provinciae Caesar mihi dat. 
4. et^ ego^ et tu, mi amice, eramus in silva. 5. tibi nun- 
tiat yictoriam. 6. vobiscum^ tres menses milites erant. 
7. hostes inter se^ pugnant. 8. victoria nostrarum legio- 
num nuntiatur. 9. iter nobis difficilius erit quam tibi. 
10. Helvetii nos amicos appellant. 11. vestri fines, 
amici, a Gallis occupantur. 12. omnes legiones nostrae 
cum amicis tuis in Belgis pugnant. 13. senatus te ami- 
cum populi appellat. 14. castra Caesaris meliore in loco 
quam mea est. 

1. You are too^ desirous of war, my friends. 2. My 
legion is ^ four miles distant^ from the Rhone. 3. At the 
time of your departure I was with Caesar. 4. The lands 
of the Sequanians are broader than our [lands]. 5. Five 
years after the war, Orgetorix was with us in Farther Gaul. 
6. It will be easy to seize your cities. 7. The Sequanians 
are fighting with one another.^ 8. A part of the enem^' is 
present in the cit3\ 9. There are verj^ man}' nations in the 
country^ of the Germans. 10. The legions were present 
by chance. 



26 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

XYIII. 

Demonstratiye pronouns ; is, ille, iste, ipse ; 
Gr. 127-132. 

VOCABULARY, 
incola, -ae (m.), inhabitant. saepe (adv.), often. 

satis (adv.), enough. is, ea, id, this, that ; he, she, it. 

noviis, -a, -um, new. iste, ista, istiid, that. 

lUe, ilia, illiid, that. ipse, ipsa, ipsiiin, self. 

EXERCISES. 
1. Galliae incolae ips5rum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli 
appellantur. 2. eorum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae. 
3. ad eos mercatores saepe res important. 4. illi populi 
proximi sunt G^rmanis. 5. ea de causa Helvetii fortissimi 
sunt omnium Gallorum. 6. is locus angustus erat natura. 
7. consul ipse aberat a proelio. 8. mortem patris mei 
ipsam nuntiatis. 9. ad eas res satis ^ est annus. 10. mer- 
catores ipsi res istas in Belgas non important. 11. vinum a 
nobis non importatnr. 12. illius urbis incolae res nuUas im- 
portant. 13. Belgae sunt Galliae populus ultimus. 14. om- 
nium militum longe erat ille fortissimus. 

1. These soldiers are braver than you. 2. He levies on 
the whole province a large number of soldiers. 3. For 
these reasons I shall be present with you. 4. At that time 
the journey through the Alps was very diflScult. 5. The 
road itself is easier than yours. 6. This grain is not ripe. 
7. His desire of honor is very great. 8. The height of 
that mountain is less than [that] of the Alps. 9. Dum- 
norix himself is desirous of a revolution.^ 10. You are at 
home ; I am desirous of a return home. 11. I am levying 
as many soldiers as possible^ on the province. 12. They 
are fighting with him on the top of the mountain. 13. I 
was in that city three months. 



EXERCISES o:n^ fokms. 27 

XIX. 

Demonstratiye pronouns ; liic, idem ; Gr. 133-137. 

VOCABULARY. 

consrliuin, -i, j^lan. regio, -onis, region, country. 

castra, -orum (pi.), camp. hic, haec, hoc, this. 

navis, -IS, ship. idem, eadem, idem, same. 
lux, lucis, light. 

EXERCISES. 

1. eodem tempore apucl vos aderam. 2. haec via vetus 
est; ilia est nova. 3. eadem nuntiantur ab aliis. 4. in 
ejusdem fluminis ripa urbs erat major. 5. ab iisdem nostra 
consilia hostibus enuntiantm\ 6. prima luce ego in summo 
monte eram. 7. hi milites in Gallia hiemant ; ill! in vicis 
Alpium. 8, pacem cum civitatibus iisdem conlirmamus. 

9. eo die tria millia passuum ab eorum castris aberam. 

10. habito in ripa fluminis ejusdem. 11. naves ipsae 
eodem in loco erunt. 12. eo tempore et ego et ille casu 
aderamus. 13. via ilia magis angusta quam difficilis est. 
14. in castris majoribus multi milites eo tempore erant. 

1. The rivers of this region are broad. 2. The other 
mountain is higher than this. 3. I was present with yon 
in that battle. 4. The depth of these rivers is great. 
5. These things are told to me by the enemy. 6. My 
enemies are very many and their country^ large. 7. The 
place was narrow and the road new and diflScult. 8. The 
cities and villages are burned with fire. 9. Three ships of 
Caesar himself are burned by the same enemy. 10. There 
was no hope of peace. 11. I give 3^ou my promise. 12. This 
region is the best part of the land of the Belgians. 13. This 
mountain is ^ three miles distant ^ from the river. 14. The 
same men dwell across this river. 



28 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

XX. 

Relative, interrog. and indef. pronoun ; Gr. 138-141. 

VOCABULARY, 
ante (prep. w. ace), before. factio, -onis, parti/, faction. 

acies, -ei, edge, line of battle. paratus, -a, -um, ready, prepared. 

efFemino, / weaken ; effeminate. quis, quae, quid, who ? which f 

etc. etc. ichat ? 

qui, quae, quod, ivho, which, that. quis, quae, quid, any, any one. 
nunc (adv.), now. 

EXERCISES. 

1. duo legiones, quae in castris eraut, in silva nunc pug- 
nant. 2. iidem, qui nobiscum in acie erant, in vicis Hel- 
vetiorum hiemant. 3. quis has res importat? 4. cui 
victoria liostium nuntiatur? 5. mihi erit hoc iter difficilius 
quam tibi, qui es junior. 6. Galliae totius factiones sunt 
duae. 7. omnis Galliae tres sunt partes, quarum una 
Aquitania appellatur. 8. mercatores ea important quae 
animos effeminant. 9. ad earn rem parati sumus. 10. do- 
mum reditionis spes non est. 11. popiili qui trans Rhenum 
habitant fortiores sunt quam Galliae populi. 

1. We, who are in camp, are ready for war. 2. There 
will be a battle in this village. 3. Those things which 
weaken the courage^ of the Belgians are not imported. 
4. You are seizing more land ^ than the enemy. 5. There 
is a large number of the enemy on that mountain. 6. Across 
the same river there is a multitude of our soldiers. 7. Be- 
fore his return from the war, there will be a battle. 8. Cae- 
sar calls his soldiers friends. 9. They give a promise to 
each other. 10. On the next day they burn the village 
which was on the bank of this river. 11. Who is not 
ready to fight with the enemy? 12. What troops are in 
the villages? 13. Is any one fighting in the forest? [No.] 

XXI. 

Inflection of the verb ; Gr. 142-190. 



EXERCISES OX FORMS. 29 

XXII. 

Incomplete tenses of a-stem verbs; Gr. 191-195. 
Moods in independent sentences. 

VOCABULARY. 

commeo, -are, go and come ; with concilio, -are, gain^ gain over, get. 

ad, visit. praesto, -are, stand before, excel. 

specto, -are, look, look at, see. vagor, -ari (dep.),^ wander. 

bello, -are, make tear, war. arbitror, -ari (dep.),i think, judge. 

comparo, -are, prepare, make Conor, -ari (dep.),i try, attempt. 

ready. incito, -are, rouse up, excite. 

EXERCISES. 
1. mercatores saepe ad Gallos commeant. 2. Belgae 
proximi sunt Germanis qui trans Khenum habitant. 3. ea 
comparare conabar, quae importantur. 4. conemur, mei 
amici, urbem occupare. 5. nuntiate victoriam, mi pater, 
tuis militibus. 6. spectant in orientem solem. 7. fides 
dabitur^ nobis. 8. conabantur Orgetorix et Helvetii omnis 
populos Galliae incitare. 9. hostes bellandi^ cupidi erant. 

10. civitas ob earn rem incitabitur. 11. Helvetii minus 
vagabantur quam alii populi Galliae. 12. Belgae extremis 
in finibus Galliae habitabant. 13. regnum in civitate sua 
occupabit Orgetorix, cujus pater nobis amicus multos annos 
erat. 

1. Rouse up the men of this city. 2. My sons were 
trying to rouse up the states of Gaul. 3. The enemy were 
wandering through the country and cities of the Sequanians. 
4. After the death of Orgetorix the Helvetians tried to seize 
the lands of all Gaul. 5. Orgetorix will be burned with 
fire by his own state. 6. Call him, my son, the friend of 
the Roman people. 7. Let us prepare all things for our 
return home. 8. May you be called brave ! 9. May they 
be burned with fire ! 10. May the gods give you glory ! 

11. In their own language they are called Celts; in ours, 
Gauls. 12. Traders visit ^ them least often and import 
wine and other thino;s. 



30 EXERCISES OK FORMS. 

XXIII. 

Incomplete tenses of e-stem verbs ; Gr. 196-197. 

VOCABULARY. 

pertineo, -ere, pertain, belong, video, -ere, see. 

stretch. obtineo, -ere, hold, possess. 

prohibeo, -ere, keep out, pr^ohibit, contineo, -ere, hold in, bound. 

stop. pateo, -ere, extend. 

habeo, -ere, Aai;e. Jiira,-ae, Jwra (a mountain). 

undique (adv.), on all sides. quod (conj.), because. 
moveo, -ere, move. 

EXERCISES. 

1. Belgae pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni. 
2. undique loci natura Helvetii continentur ; una ex parte ^ 
monte Jura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios ; 
altera ex parte flumine Rheno, altissimo et latissimo. 3. pro- 
fectio nostra in annum tertium lege confirm abatur. 4. pos- 
tero die castra ex eo loco movent. 5. Caesar ei legioni 
quam secum habebat copiam frumenti comparabat. 6. haec 
in Belgas per provinciam importamus quod aliiid iter nullum 
habemus. 7. urbs extrema haec est et proxima Helvetio- 
rum finibus. 

1. There are two routes by which ^ traders will visit ^ us. 
2. The Belgians kept traders out of their territories. 3. I 
will gain the royal power ^ for jow. with my troops.^ 4. The 
territories^ of the Helvetians were narrow. 5. The Helve- 
tians had narrow territories, which extended two hundred 
and forty miles in length,^ one hundred and eighty in 
breadth.^ 6. You will attempt the same thing as'' I. 
7. Did he move camp on that day? [No.] 8. Let us 
keep the enemy ^ out of our territories. 9. Move camp 
often and report^ to me the battles you see.^^ 10. The 
Gauls hold one part of the country ; the Belgians, another. 
11. Aquitania extended from the Garonne river to the 
mountains. 



EXERCISES o:n^ foums. 31 



XXIV. 

Incomplete tenses of consonant-stem and u-stem verbs ; 
Gr. 198, 199. 

VOCABULARY. 

incolo, -ere, dwell. contendo, -ere, contend, fight, has- 
divido, -ere, divide, separate. ten, strive. 

gero, -ere, manage, carry on, wage. influo, -ere, floiu into. 

praecedo, -ere, precede, surpass. tribuo, -ere, assign, attribute. 

oceanus, -i, ocean. debeo, -ere, owe, ought. 

aut (conj.), or. fere (adv.), almost. 

aut . . . aut, either , . . or. quotidianus, -a, -um, daily, 

perduco, -ere, lead through, build, fossa, -ae, ditch, 

construct. murus, -i, wall. 

nemo, -mis, no one. , ciim (conj.), when. 

fluo, fluere,^oz^. 

EXERCISES. 

1. flumen est quod per fines Sequanorum fluit. 2. Belgae 
proximi sunt Germanis, qui trans Hhenum incolunt, qua de 
causa^ alios virtute praecedunt. 3. hujus regionis una pars, 
quam Galli obtment, eontinetur Garumna flumine, Oceano, 
finibus Belgarum. 4. Helvetii reliquos Gallos virtute prae- 
oedunt, quod fere quoticlianis proeliis cum Germanis conten- 
dunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum 
finibus bellum gerunt. 5. a lacu, qui in Rhodanum influit, 
ad montem Juram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helve tiis dividit, 
murum et fossam perducit. 

1. I keep all men out from the province ; I allow- no one 
a passage.^ 2. Csesar hastened into the province hy forced^ . 
marches. 3. He hastens through the Alps with these five 
legions b}- the shortest^ route. 4. We attribute the victory 
to 3^our courage. 5. He has a large number of soldiers 
about him.^ 6. A wall and a ditch were constructed from 



82 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

the lake to the river by that legion which Caesar had with 
him.^ 7. There was a hard road^ between mount Jura and 
the river Rhone. 8. May 3^ou dwell at home in peace. 
9. For this reason I was waging war in the land of the 
Germans. 10. The banks of the river which flows through 
our city are high. 

XXT. 

Incomplete tenses of short i-stem verbs ; Gr. 200-202. 

VOCABULARY. 

capio, -ere, take, receive. conf icio, -ere, doy accomplish, 

suscipio, -ere, undertake. finish. 

eripio, -ere, rescue. perficio, -ere, do, perform. 

dolor, -oris, grief, sorrow. afficio, -ere, move, affect. 

nomen, -mis, name. septentrio, -onis, north (usually 

frater, -tris, brother. pL). 

tacio, -ere, do, make. 

EXERCISES. 

1. per eos omnes Orgetorix se eripiebat. 2. post ejus 
mortem, Helvetii iter facere conabuntur. 3. una pars 
initium capit^ a flumine Ehodano. 4. homines bellandi 
cupidi magno dolore afficiebantur. 5. capiamus urbem. 
6. hie locus e reditione exercittis nomen capiet. 7. quas 
in partes hostes iter faciunt? 8. ab iisdem nostra consilia. 
et quae in castris geruntur hostibus enuntiantur. 9. initium 
pugnae Dumnorix faciebat et milites ejus. 10. eripite 
meum patrem, amici mei ! 11. Belgae spectant in septen- 
trionem et orientem solem. 12. Aquitania spectat inter 
occasum solis et septentriones. 13. tune bellum cum 
Gallis geres? 

1. I am making a journey through the province. 2. These 
things will be accomplished by us. 3. On the following day 
he undertook the matter. 4. The place takes its name from^ 



EXERCISES ON FORMS. 33 

the victory of the Roman legions. 5. Does the river take 
its name from^ the battle? [No.] 6. In the time of Caesar 
many legions were rescued from^ the hands of the enemy. 

7. Let us try to take the cit}^ which the enemy rescued from^ 
our hands. 8. It is hard to take a city that has a wall and 
ditch around it.^ 9. This matter was told to the Helvetians 
by us. 10. After his death the Helvetians tried to make 
the journe}'. 11. Orgetorix will give his daughter in mar- 
riage to Dumnorix, the brother of Divitiacus. 

XXYI. 

Incomplete tenses of long* i-stem verbs ; Gr. 203, 204. 

VOCABULARY, 
venio, -ire, come. si (conj.), if. 

communio, -ire, icall, fortif<j. pervenio, -ire, come through, arrive. 

interficio, -ere, hill, slay. vis, vis (Gr. [\1q]), violence, force ; 

convenio, -ire, come together, pi. strength. 

assemble. iibi (conj.), ichen, ivhere. 

EXERCISES. 
1. ad earn partem, quae in ripa fluminis habitabat per- 
veniebat. 2. eodem die milites ad ripam conveniebant. 
3. venite ad me, filiae meae ! 4. eodem proelio, quo Helvetii 
filium interficiebant, patrem interficiebant. 5. Caesar uno 
die id faciet quod nos viginti diebus facimus. 6. pacem 
cum Gaesare faciamus ! 7. in dolorem veniatis, hostes ! 

8. urbs ab hostibus magna vi communiebatur. 9. ea facie- 
mus quae nobis tribuuntur. 10. pacem cum proximis civi- 
tatibus confirmare Helvetii conabantur. 11. postero die 
conveniunt ad ripam Rhodani *et castra in eo loco communi- 
unt. 12. murum et fossam a flumine ad lacum perducamus ! 

1. Caesar is fortifying a camp on the top of the mountain. 
2. Many soldiers come out of the city which you are fortify- 



34 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

ing. 3. I shall arrive at the city within^ the next ten days. 
4. The enemy are slaying the traders themselves. 5. The 
enemy will burn with fire those who shall be taken in battle. 

6. This^ [i^^ws] is told us b}^ the soldiers whom you rescued. 

7. If you do^ violence, I shall stop [you]. 8. When that 
day comes, ^ I shall allow you a passage through the city. 
9 . There is one legion [only] in farther Gaul ; if the enemy 
assemble,^ they will seize the whole region. 10. The Gauls 
are coming across the river and we shall all be slain. 



XXVII. 

Complete tenses, active voice ; Gr. 205-207. 

VOCABULARY, 

pervenio, -ire, -veni, come, arrive. perf icio, -ere, -feci, do, accom- 
constituo, -tuere, -tui, determine, plish. 

decide on. convenio, -venire, -veni,a5se?wt>/e. 

spero, sperare, speravi, hope, capio, capere, cepi, take, etc. 

expect, hope for. habeo, habere, habui, have, etc. 

pono, ponere, posui, place, pitch. do, dare, dedi, give, etc. 

facio, facere, feci, do, etc. mitto, mittere, misi, send. 

pauciis, -a, -iiin (comm. ])l.),few. gero, gerere, gessi, wage, etc. 

interficio, -ere, -feci, kill. habito, -are, -avi, dwell. 

minime (adv.), least. jiibeo, -er6, jussi, bid, order. 

EXERCISES. 
1. post ejus mortem Helvetii id quod constituerat facere 
conabantur. 2. multa mihi dederas. 3. ad magnam par- 
tem legi5nis perveneram, quae tria millia passuum a flumine 
castra ponebat. 4. hi hostes consulem interfecerant, et 
milites ejus ceperant. 5. si vos vim feceritis, ego prohibebo. 
6. Caesar bellum trans Rhenum gessit. 7. ubi id quod con- 
stituisti perfeceris, veni domum ad nos. 8. quae in castris 
nostris geruntur, ea hostibus ille nuntiabit. 9. hi sunt 
trans Rhodanum primi. 



EXERCISES OK FORMS. 35 



1. I had ordered him to seize the city of the enemy. 

2. The top of the mountain was occupied^ by the soldiers. 

3. Caesar had arrived at the same time. 4. He has dwelt 
among the Sequanians many months. 5. Had you pitched 
your camp when I arrived? 6. If you assemble^ at^ the 
bank of the river, I will give you a passage^ througii the 
province. 7. There are few rivers in the Alps, which are 
very high mountains. 8. Of all these the Belgians are the 
bravest because traders visit them least often. 9. Aqui- 
tania extends from the Garonne river to the mountains 
and the ocean. 10. This circumstance was told^ to the 
Helvetians. 

XXYIII. 

Verb-forms from the simple stem ; Gr. 208, 209, 

VOCABULARY. 

pugno, -nare, -navi, -natiini. divido, -dere, -visi, -visum, 

occupo, -pare, -pavi, -patum. gero, gerere, gessi, gestum. 

importo, -tare, -tavi, -tatum. eapio, capere, cepi, captuni. 

pertmeo, -nere, -nui. facio, facere, feci, factum. 

proWbeo, -bere, -bui, -bitum. venio, venire, veni, ventum. 

moveo, -vere, movi, motiimL. flvio, fluere, fluxi. 

Conor, -ari, -attis. tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum. 

vehement er (adv.), greatly y rogo, -are, -avi, -a turn, ask, ask 

strongly. for. 

EXERCISES. 

1. facile faetu^ est iter perficere. 2. ad consiiles patrem 
mittit rogatum^ pacem. 3. bellum gesserat in finibus lios- 
tium. 4. quae est causa belli quod gerimus ? 5. nobilissimi' 
cum Germanis pugnant. 6. milites, ab hostibus capti, inter- 
ficientur. 7. multae res, in Belgas importatae, animos 
eorum effeminabant. 8. consul, magis cupiditate imperii 
motus quam spe reditionis, urbem occupat. 9. multae res, 



36 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

in fines nostros importatae, a militibus capiebantur. 10. quis 
haec a finibus Gallorum prohibet? 11. nemo, dolore motus, 
vim facere conabitur. 12. miilti milites, in proelio interfecti, 
domum mittebantur ad amicos suos. 

1. The city, liaAdng been seized by the legions, was 
burned. 2. I had come to ask^ peace. 3. In many places 
the river flows through large forests. 4. The Belgians, 
efl'eminated by^ imported things, are trying to wage war. 

5. May the gods give you those things which you hope for! 

6. This journey will be easy to make.^ 7. I am greatly 
moved b}^ Caesar's death. 8. All kingdoms and cities are 
the gods'. 9. Let us wage war with the legions that have 
burned our homes. 10. With^ that legion which he had with 
him and with"* the soldiers who had assembled from^ the 
province, Csesar builds a wall from^ the lake to Mt. Jura, 
which divides the territories^ of the Sequanians from the 
Helvetians. 



EXERCISES ON FORMS. 37 

XXIX. 

The periphrastic conjugations ; Gr. 210-214. 

VOCABULARY. 

sum, esse, fui, fiitariis. spero, -are, -avi, -atiiin. 

do, dare, dedi, datum. eflfemmo, -are, -avi, -atiim. 

nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. habeo, habere, habui,liaT)itum. 

appello, -are, -avi, -atiim. obtineo, -ere, -ui, obtentum. 

cremo, -are, -avi, -atiim. pateo, patere, patui. 

enuntio, -are, -avi, -atum. commeo, -are, -avi, -atiim. 

impero, -are, -avi, -atiim. specto, -are, -avi, -atiim. 

habito, -are, -avi, -atiim. concilio, -are, -avi, -atiim. 

bieino, -are, -avi, -atiim. vagor, -ari, -atiis. 

confirmo, -are, -avi, -atiim. incolo, -ere, -ui. 

praecedo, -dere, -di, -essiim. contendo, -dere, -di, -ntiimr 
eripiS, -ripere, -ripui, -reptiimL. communio, -nire, -nivi, -nitum. 

EXERCISES. 
1. iter mihi datum est ; idem tibi dabitiir. 2. conatus 
erat iter per Alpes facere. 3. capturus sum illam urbem, 
4. ea legione, quam mecum habeo, fines Gall5rum occupare. 
conar. 5. pars hostium Orgetorigis victoria ad bellum 
mota erat. 6. per Alpes iter faciendum est. 7. Alpes 
minores altae sunt. 8. tres legiones in Gallia ulteriore 
hiemabant. 9. domi fiiturus sum. 10. num daturus es 
iter per provinciam hostibus ? 11. f uerasne in vetere urbe ? 

1. All Gaul is divided^ into three parts. 2. This matter 
was announced to the Helvetians. 3. Orgetorix rescued 
himself through his friends. 4. The soldiers whom he had 
with him had come together out of the province. 5. Three 
legions which had wintered in Hither Gaul, hastened through 
the Alps into the province. 6. The Helvetians had killed 
Piso in the same battle. 7. If you make^ peace with us, 
we will winter in Gaul. 8. I intend to winter in Gaul. 
9. The soldiers have been rescued from^ the hands of the 
Belgians. 10. The city must be seized b}" you. 11. A 
large part of the city had to be burned with fire. 



EXERCISES OK FORMS. 



XXX. 

Review of verbs. 

Irregular verbs ; sum and compoiinds ; Gr, 215-222. 

VOCABULARY. 

adsum, adesse, adfui, adfutiirus. 

abstlm, abesse, afiii, afiiturus. 

prosum, prodesse, profui, prof iituriis, he advantageous^ useful. 

possum, posse, potui, be able, can, have power or influence. 

praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefuturus,6e/9rese?i^,i be first, at the head. 

stipersum, superesse, siiperfui, siiperf uturiis, be left over, survive. 

duco, ducere, duxi, ductiiin, lead, (also, to marry). 

debeo, debere, debui, debitum, owe, ought. 

EXERCISES. 

1. bellum gerere noii possumus, quod a provincia longe 
absumus. 2. omnia quae facere potestis, fecistis. 3. quis 
illud dicere possit^? 4. mihi non prodest^ saepe cum iis qui 
in ripis fluminis habitant contendere. 5. adesse non facile 
est. 6. Sequanos praesentis et absentis incitare conabar. 
7. per provinciam iter vobis dare non potero. 8. num 
potuerunt iter difficile facere? 9. si potero, apud vos adero. 

1. Dumnorix had very much influence among the Helve- 
tians, because he had married the daughter of Orgetorix 
from that state. 2. It had been advantageous to him to be 
able to move camp. 3. Be good and brave, my friends ; 
our position* is advantageous to us. 4. The whole multi- 
tude was present. 5. The whole state is divided^ into four 
parts. 6. Those who ought to be useful to us have moved 
camp and are not present. 7. He did in^ one day what 
the enemy did in^ twenty days. 8. The daughter of Orge- 
torix and one of his sons were taken.'' 9. One hundred 
and twenty thousand men^ survived. 



EXERCISES ON FORMS. 39 

XXXI. 

Irregular verbs ; edo, fero ; Gr. 223, 224. 

VOCABULARY, 
edo, edere, edi, esiiin, eat, consume. 
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, carry, bring, hear. 
infero, inferre, intuli, illatiiin, carry on, raaJce (war). 
differ o, differre, distiili, dilatum, differ. 
conf ero, conferre, contuK, collatum, collect, bring together, compare ; 

se conferre, to betake one's self, go. 
ref ero, referre, retuli, relatum, carry back ; pedeni referre, retreat. 
jiibeo, jiibere, jussi, jussum. 
Impedimentuin, -i, hindrance ; pi. baggage, 
hostis, -IS (c), enemy. 

EXERCISES. 

1. bellum inferre non possunt. 2. Dumnorix, cujus frater 
Divitiaciis eo tempore principatum in civitate obtinebat, idem 
conari poterat. 3. erat una per Sequanos via, qua ire non 
poterant. 4. friimentum non contnlerant, quod dare debe- 
bant.^ 5. ager Germanorum conferri non potest cum agro 
Gallorum. 6. contendebant pedem referre. 7. jubebat 
partem militum impedimenta in unum locum conferre ; par- 
tem pedem referre. 8. hi omnes inter se^ lingua differunt. 
9. trans flumen in agros hostium se contulerant. 

1 . The Helvetians brought their baggage together to one 
place. 2. He ordered the ships to be brought together into 
one place. 3. For this reason they could not make war 
on^ their enemies. 4. I shall bring together man}^ men, 
and make war on the nations beyond the Rhine. ^ 5. The 
seventh and tenth legions did not retreat. 6. Let us retreat, 
soldiers, if the enemy are^ man3^ 7. The baggage will be 
brought together. 8. You ought to go to the camp of the 
Germans. 9. Who can make war on us? 10. A few can 
stop the soldiers from [their] marcli in those places. 11 . The 
soldiers that we had levied came together in a few days. 



40 EXERCISES OK FORMS. 

XXXII. 

Irregular verbs ; volo, nolo, malo ; Gr. 225. 

VOCABULARY. 

auxilium, -i, help, aid. volo, velle, volui, to wish, be ivil- 
unde (adv.), whence, from which. ling. 

vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, he empty, nolo, nolle, nolui, to he unwilling. 

he vacant. malo, malle, nialui, to prefer, 
discedo, -dere, ' -cessi, -cessum, choose rather, ivish more. 

depart, go out or away. ffiga, -sl^, flight. 

EXERCISES. 

1. nolebam pedem referre. 2. noli bellum Romanis, 
amicis nostris, iuferre. 3. in earn partem Helvetii se con- 
ferent, ubi eos esse volueris. 4. voluerat totani Galliam 
occupare. 5. malo trans Rhenum bellum Germanis inferre 
quam in Gallia. 6. num vis illud suscipere? 7. pars 
militum pedem referre vnlt. 8. faciamus omnia quae facere 
volumus. 9. quid vultis, amici? 10. maluit ab hostibus 
interfici quam pedem referre. 11. ii qui ad ripas venerant, 
pedem referre quam bellum gerere malebant. 

1. Dumnorix wished to have great influence^ with^ the 
Sequani. 2. We, who y^ere across the river, were not able 
to bring help to our [friends]. 3. I did not wish to say 
this to many men. 4. He did not wish that place from 
which the Helvetians had departed to be empty. 5. Many 
prisoners^ were brought into the city. 6. I had rather* be 
taken than save myself by flight. 7. Do 3^ou prefer to be 
slain [rather] than be taken [prisoner] ? 8. Many were 
taken and slain, who were unwilling to rescue themselves by 
flight. 9. The flight of the enemy had given us the victory. 
10. The city which we wished to take was given to us by the 
consent of the inhabitants. 11. The journey will have to 
be performed. 12. I am unwilling to retreat ; I prefer to 
fight. 



EXERCISES OX FOEMS. 41 

XXXIII. 

Irregular verbs ; do, eo, fio ; Gr. 226-229. 

VOCABULARY. 

eo, ire, ivi, (ii), itum, go. ratis, -is, raft. 

fio, fieri, (factiis), he made, he- aufero, auferre, abstuli, abla- 

come, happen. turn, take away. 

transeo, transire, transii, adeo, adire, adii, aditum, ^o ^o, 

transitum,! gg over, cross. go near, approach, visit. 

linter, -tris (c), hoat, skiff. pagus, -i, distinct, canton. 

EXERCISES. 

1. miilta fiiint quae uon volumus. 2. id si fiet magno 
cum periculo provinciae erit. 3. ii qui flumen transieraut 
suis^ auxilium ferre uou poteraut. 4. spes gioriae major 
facta erat. 5. via per Alpes angusta est; alio itiuere traus- 
eamus. 6. iu fiuibus Sequauorum, qui trans Rhoclanum 
incolunt, bellum gerebam. 7. num hostes possunt amici 
fieri? 8. Caesar populos adire volebat, qui traus Rlienum 

incolunt. 9. noli hostes cum militibus adire. 

• 

1. The Helvetians were crossing this river by^ [means 
of] boats and rafts. 2. The beginning of that flight was 
made by Dumnorix and his horsemen. 3. Let us cross this 
river. 4. The hope of a return home has been taken away. 
5. At the beginning of the war, there were large forces in 
the province. 6. It is ver}^ difficult to cross a river by 
[means of] boats and rafts. 7. A large river, which we 
were crossing, flows into the lake. 8. Do not cross the 
Rhine, legions ; the enemy are numerous and brave. 9. The 
whole state is divided into four cantons. 10. There is a 
river which flows through the territories of the Sequani into 
the Rhone. 11. If they try^ to cross, he will be able to 
prevent [them]. 



42 EXERCISES ON FORMS. 

XXXIV, 

Impersonal and defective verbs ; Gr. 230-235. 

VOCABULARY. 

licet, licere, licmt, is permitted, neqve . . . neqve, neither . . . nor. 

one may. abeo, -ire, -ii, -itiim, go awau, 
oportet, -tere, -tuit, is proper, depart. 

right; one ought, it behooves. Haedui, -oriim, Hceduans, (a 
neqve (or nee), and not, nor. Gallic nation). 

EXERCISES. 

1. id facere per me^ licet tlbi. 2. oportet cum hosti- 
bus contendere. 3. tres legiones in Galliam mittam. 
4. Rhodanns in lacum fluit. 5. castra proximo die movit. 

6. plures hostiam capientur. 7. bellum in Haecluis ges- 
serat. 8. multa bella gesta erant. 9. Iter per provinciam 
non dabo. 10. si id feceritis, multa millia hominum inter- 
ficientur. 11. malo id facere quam bellum inferre. 12. apud 
nos fortes sunt milites multi. 13. tres annos in provincia 
fuerat. 

1. The land of the Belgians extends many miles to the 
east. 2. Do^ not attribute the victory to me, soldiers; 
the gods have given us victory. 3. Rescue yourselves from^ 
the hands of the enemy, if you can, my sons. 4. The 
consul had taken many cities. 5. Peace will come when 
the enemy are^ slain. 6. Let us rescue ourselves, Piso. 

7. By daily battles one ought to bring peace. 8. It is 
neither permitted nor proper to make war on^ friends. 
9. You may^ cross the river, my friends; the enemy have 
departed. 10. The soldiers whom you had levied did not 
assemble. 11. The Helvetians are trying to make a march 
through our province. 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX, 



XXXV. 

Nominative, vocative and accusative cases; Gr. 253-268. 

VOCABULARY, 

tergiiin, -i, bach. hiberniis, -a, -ura, of winter, wintry. 

audeo, -ere, ausus,^ dare. hiberna, -oruni, winter quarters. 

ita (adv.), thus, in this way. auxilia, -oruiii, auxiliaries. 

poUiceor, -eri, -ittis, promise. flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, demand. 

verto, -ere, verti, versiim, turn. hostis, -is, enemy. 

dico, -ere, -xi, -ctum, say. castra, -oriiin, camp. 

EXERCISES. 

1. eoiTim qui clomum redierunt census habitus est. 2. ita 
dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt. 3. tres copiarum 
partes^ Helvetii id flumen^ trausduxerant. 4. omnes hostes 
terga verterunt. 5. reliquos omnes nostri interfecerunt. 

6. Caesar in hiberna in Sequanos^ exercitum deduxit. 

7. paucos dies moratur. 8. primam et secundam aciem 
in armis esse, tertiam castra munire jussit. 9. hie locus 
ab hoste circiter passus sescentos, uti dictum est, aberat. 
10. salutem suam Gall5rum equitatui committere non aude- 
bat. 11. hunc montem murus arcem efficit. 

1. He made haste to go to Bibracte. 2. Caesar demanded 
of the Hseduans^ the corn^ which they had promised. 
3. Thus they made [their] march [for] fifteen days. 4. He 
left two legions and a part of the auxiliaries there. 5. On 
the same day^ he moved camp. 6. For^ five successive 
days Caesar led forth his troops in front of his camp. 

7. He thought himself able^ to do this without danger. 

8. While he was waiting^ a few days, a panic seized the 
whole army. 9. He hastened toward Ariovistus by forced 
marches. 



44 EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 

XXXVI, 

Dative case ; Gr. 269-272. 

VOCABULARY. 

continenter (adv.), constant!//. ustis, -us, wse, advantage. 

cura, -ae, care. munitio, -onis, fort ijicat ion. 

summus, -a, -iiin, highest, greatest. f acultas, -atis, supply. 

colloquium, -i, conference, talk. iterum (adv.),«^am, a second time.. 

EXERCISES. 

1. proximi sunt Germanis, qui trans Rlienum incolunt, 
quibuscum^ continenter bellum gerunt. 2. Helvetiis est in 
animo^ per agrum Sequanorum iter facere. 3. ob eas causas 
ei munitioni^ quam fecerat T. Labienum legatum praefecit. 

4. his omnibus rebus unum repugnabat. 5. omnium rerum 
quae ad bellum usui'* erant summa erat in eo oppido f acultas. 
6. decima iegio per tribunos militum ei gratias egit. 7. dies 
colloquio dictus est, ex eo die quintus. 8. is sibi lega- 
tionem ad civitates suscepit. 9. iterum colloquio diem 
constituit. 10. liaec mihi sunt curae. 

1. This matter will be cared for by Caesar (lit., will be for 
a care to C). 2. We have nothing left^ except the soil of 
our land. 3. Dumnorix was in command of the cavalry 
which the Hoeduans had sent to Caesar's aid.^ 4. The Hel- 
vetians are neighbors of ^ the province and of the Allobroges. 

5. What business^ has Caesar or the Roman people in my 
Gaul? 6. The Roman people pardoned the Arverni and 
did not reduce [them] to a province.^ 7. Caesar had 
favored^^ this legion, and trusted^^ [it] on account^^ of [its] 
courage. 8. They arrived in the countr}^ of the Lingones 
on the fourth day. 9. Caesar ordered two lines to repulse 
the enemy, the third [one] to finish the work. 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 45 

XXXVII- . 

Locative case ; Gr. 273, 274. 

VOCABULARY. 

coUis, -IS (m.), hill. subdiico, -ere, -xi, -ctiiin, with- 
conscribo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, levy draw. 

(troops). postquam (conj.), after. 

colloco, -are, -avi, -atiiin, postj pro (prep. w. abl.), before, for, in 

place. proportion to, etc. 

celeriter (adv.), quickly, soltis, -a, -um (Gr. 71.), alone. 

EXERCISES. 

1. et domiet in reliqiia Gallia plurimum poterat.^ 2. post- 
quam id- animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum 
collem subducit. 3. in summo jugo duas legiones, quas in 
Gallia citeriore conscripserat, et omnia auxilia collocavit. 
4. provincia mea liaec est Gallia, sicut ilia vestra. 5. cele- 
riter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet ; quaerit ex solo ea^ 
quae in conventu dixerat. dicit liberius atque audacius. 
6. ob cam causam, quamdiu potui, tacui. 7. pro multitu- 
dine hominum et pro gloria belli atque fortitudinis, angustos 
fines liabemus. 

1. On the next day, because two days remained, he has- 
tened to go to Bibracte. 2. There was nothing at home. 
3. The number of those who returned home was found out 
[to be] one hundred and ten thousand.^ 4. The Sequanians 
had admitted Ariovistus within their country. o. The river 
Dubis as [if] drawn by a pair of compasses surrounds almost 
the whole town. 6. I came into Gaul earlier than the 
Eoman people [did]. 7. The Suevi who had come to the 
banks of the Rhine began to return home. 8. The kind of 
fight in which the Germans had trained themselves was this. 
9. At sunset Ariovistus led his troops back to camp. 



46 EXEHCISES OiT SYNTAX. 

. XXXVIII. 

Genitive case ; source and cause ; Gr. 275-284. 

VOCABULARY. 

amitto, -ere, -isi, -issiiin, lose. cado, -ere, cecidi, casiiin, fall. 

aecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, re- eques, -itis, horseman. 

ceive. obliviscor, -isci, -litus, forget. 

numerus, -i, number. pello, -ere, pepiili, pulsiiin, drive, 
pedes, -itis, foot-soldier , defeat. 

EXERCISES. 

1. horum omnium fortissimi smit Belgae. 2. tridui^ viam 
processenint hostes. 3. reminiscere et veteris incommodi 
populi Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. 4. veteris 
contumeliae oblivisci volebat. 5. tridui viam processit. 
6. pauci de nostris^ cadmit. 7. equitum millia erant sex ; 
totidem numero^ pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi. 8. Haedui 
eorumque clientes semel atque iterum^ cum his contenderunt 
armis ; maguam calamitatem pulsi acceperunt ; omuem nobi- 
litatem, omuem senatum, omuem equitatum amiseruut. 

1. All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the 
Belgians inhabit. 2. No one receives more sorrow^ from^ 
that [fact] than I. 3. We are not aware of any wrong. 
4. Do not forget the injuries which the}' have inflicted on the 
Haeduans and their allies. 5. At first about fifteen thou- 
sand of these crossed the Rhine ; they are now in Gaul to 
the number of one hundred and twenty thousand. 6. He 
attacked them and slew a large part of them. 7. Our [men] 
waited three days on account of the wounds of the soldiers. 
8. Those through whose country the enemy had gone brought 
them back. 9. By the panic of these [men] even the sol- 
diers and centurions were disturbed. 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 47 

XXXIX. 

Genitive case; possessive and special uses; Gr. 285- 
291. 

VOCABULARY. 

averto, -ere, -ti, -sum, turn awaij, praemitto, -ere, -isi, -issum, send 

turn aside. ahead. 

cognosco, -ere, -ovi, -itum, learri ; amicitia, -ae, friendship. 

perf. know. ibi (adv.), there. 

postridie (adv.), the next day^ on postea (adv.), afterwards. 

the morrow. sequor, -i, -autil^, follow. 



EXERCISES. 

1. postridie ejus diei^ iter ab Helvetiis avertit. 2. ibi 
filia Orgetorigis atque unus e filiis captus est.^ 3. ii, qui ex 
urbe amicitiae causa Caesarem seciiti erant, uon magnum in 
re militari^ usum habebant. 4. Divitiaci summum in popu- 
lum Romanum studium cognoverat. 5. P. Considius qui rei 
militaris peritissimus liabebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et 
postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. 
6. ea res per fugitives L. Aemilii, decurionis equitum Gallo- 
rum, nuntiatur. 7. ipse Dumnorix rerunj novarum cupidus 
est. 

1. The place takes its name from the slaughter of the 
Roman army. 2. The feelings^ of Divitiacus were hurt by 
his brother's punishment. 3. Neither his coming nor [that] 
of Labienus was known. 4. On account of the excellence 
of the land, the Germans who dwell across the Rhine, will 
cross over from their own country into the country of the 
Helvetians. 5. On the next day he hastened to go to 
Bibracte, the largest town of the Hseduans. 6. I shall not 
overlook the wrongs of the Hsecluans. 7. Caesar cheered 
the spirits of the Gauls by his words. 8. Led by the desire 
of kingh' power, Orgetorix made a conspiracy of the nobility. 
9. The Helvetians, moved by his sudden arrival, send envoj^s 
to him. 



48 EXERCISES OK SYNTAX. 

XL. 

Ablative case proper ; Gr. 292-296. 

VOCABULARY, 

abstineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, hold affero, -ferre, attuli, allatum^ 

off, refrain, bring. 

corpus, -oris, body. cogo, cogere, coegi, coactttm, 
desisto, -ere, destiti, -stitum, compel. 

cease from, leave off. edueo, -ere, -xi, -etiim, lead out. 

ingens, -ntis, great, huge. mos, -oris, custom, habit. 

EXERCISES. 

1 . Labienus nostros expectabat proelioqne abstinebat. 
2. aBibracte, oppido Haeduornm loiige maximo, non amplius^ 
milibns passuum octoclecim aberat. 3. moribus suis Orge- 
torio'cm ex vinculis eausam dicere coeo-erunt. 4. Duranorix 
gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat. 5. ne- 
gotio desistere non poteram. 6. ob earn rem ex civitate 
profugi et E-omam ad senatum veni. 7. ea res Caesari non 
minorem quam ipsa victoria vokiptatem attiilit. 8. duae 
fuerunt Ariovisti uxores, una quam domo secum eduxerat, 
altera quam in Gallia duxerat. 

1. They had gone from home. 2. The enemy are trying 
to keep our arm}^ from the march. 3. By their flight the rest 
of the cavalry was frightened. 4. He was trying to shut 
Caesar off from the corn which was supplied from the Sequa- 
nians and Haeduans. 5. Ariovistus, king of the Germans, 
has seized a third part of their land, which is the best of all 
Gaul. 6. He now orders the Sequanians to leave the second 
third part. 7. Mettius was found and brought back to him. 

8. Ariovistus sent sixteen thousand men with all the cavalry. 

9. On the next day, Caesar, according to his custom, led his. 
forces out of both camps. 10. All the enemy turned their 
backs and did not cease to flee. 11. On the next day they 
arrived at the Rhine. 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 49 

XLI. 

Instrumental ablative ; Gr. 297, 298. 

VOCABULARY. 

aequiis, -a, -um, equal, level. etiam (adv.), also, even. 

nihil (indeclinable), nothing. oratio, -onis, speech, talk. 

opus, -eris, work. telum, -i, missile, weapon. 

tiinor, -oris, fear, panic. utor, -i, lisus, use. 

vescor, -I, feed on, eat. vox, -ocis, voice, talk, words. 

EXERCISES. 
1. hac oratione acldiicti, inter se Mem et jus juranclum 
dant. 2. ea legione quam secum habebat, militibusqae, 
qui ex provincia convenerant, murum fossamque perducit. 
3. operis mimitioue et militum concursu et telis liostes re- 
piilsi sunt. 4. eo frumento' quod flumine Arare^ navibus 
subvexerat, uti non poterat. 5. domi nihil erat quo^ vesci 
poterant. 6. liorum voeibus ac timore etiam ii qui magnum 
in castris usum habebant, milites centurionesque quique^ 
equitatui ^ praeerant perturbabantur. 7. hie locus aequo 
spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. 

1. Elated by this battle, the Helvetians began to resist 
more boldly. 2. Induced by the lack of all things, we sent 
ambassadors to you about a surrender. 3. He filled the 
whole mountain with men. 4. We do not contend by means 
of trickery, or depend upon artifice. 5. Our [men] got 
possession of the baggage and camp. 6. This town was 
fortified by the nature of [its] situation. 7. The Hseduans 
did not make use of the help of the Roman people in the 
wars that they had with me. 8. Much^ was said by Coesar. 
9. Broken by these defeats, the Hieduans have been com- 
pelled to give hostages to the Sequanians. 10. They 
fought^ with their swords. 11. We wish Gaul, though 
conquered in war,^ to use its own laws. 



60 EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 

XLII. 

Locative ablative ; Gr. 299-303. 

VOCABULARY. 

conatiis, -us, attempt. dejicio, -ere, -jeci, -Jectiiin, cast 
immiciis, -a, -tim, unfriendlt/, hos- down. 

tile. injuria, -ae, wrong, injury. 

nonnulliis, -a, -iini, some, a few. pridie (adv.), on the da\j before. 

teinpero,-are,-avi,-atuin, re/raw. vadtim, -i, slioal,ford. 

EXERCISES. 
1. hie pagus unus, patrum nostrorum memoria, L. Cas- 
sium, consulem interfecerat, et ejus exercitum sub jugum 
miserat. 2. pridie proelium non commiserant. 3. ex eo 
proelio circiter millia centum et triginta superfueruiit eaque 
tota uocte continenter ierunt. 4. totis castris^ testamenta 
obsignabantur. 5. inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobro- 
gum Ehodanus fluit isque nonnullis locis^ vado transitur. 

6. homines inimici nobis non temperabunt ab injuria. 

7. Helvetii ea spe dejecti, hoc conatu destiterunt. 8. nunc 
sunt in Gallia multa millia. 

1. These all differ from one another^ in language, customs 
[and] laws. 2. At daybreak he was not far away from 
the camp of the enemy. 3. They join battle with the cavalry 
of the Helvetians in an unfavorable place. 4. On all these 
days Ariovistus kept his army in camp.^ 5. Records were 
found in the camp of the Helvetians and brought to Csesar. 

6. He ordered them to await his arrival in that place. 

7. They attacked our [men] on the right flank.^ 8. On 
the next day he turned his course from the Helvetians. 
9. Early in the night ^ about six thousand men of that can- 
ton which is called Verbigenus left the camp of the Helve- 
tians, and hastened toward the Rhine and the country of 
the Germans. 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 61 

XLIII. 

Comitative ablative ; Gr. 304, 306. 

VOCABULARY. 

anceps, -ipitis (Gr. [11^.]), doubt- cliu (adv.), long. 

fill. colloquor, -i, -ciitiis, talk icith, 
consuesco, -ere, -evi, -etum,^ get converse. 

used, be wont. dux, ducis, guide, leader. 

peto, petere, petivi, -ituin, ask, lenitas, -atis, gentleness, slowness. 

beg. vigilia, -ae, ivatcJi. 

EXERCISES. 
1. flumen est Arar, quod per finis Haeduorum in Rho- 
danum inflnit incredibili lenitate. 2. omnes qui aderant 
magno fletu auxilium a Caesare petere eoeperunt. 3. anci- 
piti proelio diu j)ugnatum est.^ 4. ea omnia injussu^ 
Caesaris et civitatis feeerat. 5. per C. Valerium, eui* 
summam omnium rerum fidem^ habebat, cum eo coUoquitur. 

6. de^ tertia vigilia T. Labienum, cum duabus legionibns et 
lis ducibus qui iter cognoverant, montem adscendere jubet. 

7. eo die quo consuerat intervallo^ hostes sequitar et millia 
passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit. 

1 . Caesar hastened to this cit}^ by forced marches. 2. Dum- 
norix, the brother of Divitiacus, was meant by this speech of 
Liscus. 3. Dumnorix, [a man] of the greatest boldness, 
is desirous of a revolution. 4. He himself hastened to the 
enemy in the fourth watch by the same route by which they 
had gone. 5. At daybreak neither his arrival nor [that] 
of Labienus, as he afterward learned from prisoners, was 
known. 6. Meanwhile he drew up a line of battle of the 
four legions half way up^ the hill. 7. He was not more 
than a mile and a half^ from the enemy's camp. 8. The 
Sequanians have received Ariovistus into^^ their country, and 
all their towns are in his power. 9. The Germans are of 
huge size of body and of incredible courage. 



62 EXERCISES OK SYNTAX. 

XLIT. 

Ablative absolute ; ablatiA^e with prepositions ; Gr. 307, 
308. 

VOCABULARY. 

cornii, -iis, horn, wing, nox, noctis, 7iight. 

influco, -ere, -xi, -ctiini, lead on, invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 

induce. come upo7i,Jind. 

confid§, -ere, -fisiis, (Gr. [216] proficiscor, -i, ^fectus, start, set 
(g)), trust in, confide. ' out. 

EXERCISES. 
1. Orgetorix, M. Messala et M. Pisone consulibus, regni 
cupiditate inductus conjurationem nobilitatis fecit. 2. his 
rebus cognitis, Caesar Gallorum animos coniirmavit. 3. bel- 
ie Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere Galliae legati ad Caesa- 
rem gratulatum^ convenerunt. 4. iiullam partem noctis 
itinere interraisso in fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt. 
5. eorum satisfactione accepta et itinere exquisito per Divi- 
tiacum, de quarta vigilia profectus est. 6. ipse a dextro 
cornu^ proelium commisit. 7. perpauci aut viribus^ confisi 
tranare contenderunt aut lintribus inventis sibi salutem re- 
pererunt. 

1. They could not go by this way, because the Sequanians 
were unwilling. 2. After this council was dismissed the 
same chief men of the states returned to Caesar. 3. After 
driving^ back our cavalry, they formed a phalanx and came 
up to our first line. 4. After giving this answer, he left. 
5. Calling together their chiefs, a large number of whom he 
had in camp, he blames them severely. 6. When Caesar's 
arrival was known, Ariovistus sent envoys to him. 7. When 
the camp had been fortified, he left two legions there ; the 
remaining four he led back to the larger camp. 8. Bj^ the 
delivery of this speech^ the minds of all were changed. 
9. He allowed all the rest to surrender after they had de- 
livered the hostages, arms and deserters. 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX, 53 

XLV. 

Use of the tenses ; Gr. 309-312. 

VOCABULARY. 

castelliiin, -I, fort, redoubt. princeps, -cipis, leading, chief. 

uoiidum (adv.), not yet. praesidium, -i, garrison, defence. . 

dispone, -nere, -posui, -positum, reverto, -ere, -verti, -versiiiii, 

place, jjost. return (also deponent). 

EXERCISES. 

1. ea res enuntiata est. 2. post ejus mortem nihilo^ minus 
Helvetii id quod constituerant facere conantur. 3. Allobro- 
ges nondum bono animo^ in populum Romanum videbantur. 
4. milites, quos imperaverat, conveniebant. 5. eo opere 
perfecto praesidia disponit, castella commtinit. 6. ubi ea 
dies quam constituerat cum legatis venit, legati ad eum 
reverterunt. 7. legatos ad eum mittunt, cujus legationis 
Divico princeps fuit, qui dux Helvetiorum fuerat. 8. hac 
oratione babita, conversae sunt omnium mentes. 9. Helvetii 
castra movebunt. 

1 . This district was called Tigurinus ; for all the Helve- 
tian state is divided^ into four districts. 2. The Helvetians 
were crossing this river. 3. Setting^ out from camp with 
three legions, he came to that part which had not yet crossed 
the river. 4. While this was^ g^^^g on, the horsemen of 
Ariovistus threw missiles at our men. 5. He began battle on 
the right wing, because he had noticed these facts. 6. Then 
at last the Germans from necessity led out their forces from 
the camp and posted them at equal intervals, tribe by tribe. 

7. I dare not go into that part of Gaul without an army. 

8. The Sequani must endure all tortures. 9. The enemy 
charged suddenl}^ and swiftly. 



54 EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 

XLVI. 

Subjunctive in dependent clauses ; Gr. 322-333. 

VOCABULARY. 

aliquis, -qua, -quid, some one, any custos, -odis, guard, sentinel. 

one. hortor, -ari, -atus, urge. 

exeo, -ire, -ii, -itiiin, go out, depart. loquor, -i, -cuttis, speak, talk. 

impetus, -us, attack. persuadeo, -ere, -si, -stim, per- 
oculiis, -i, eye. suade. 

placeo, -ere, -ui, -itiiin, please. vel, or. 

scio, -scire, -scivi, -scitum, knoiv. vel . . . vel, either , . . or. 

EXERCISES. 

1. civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis 
exTrent. 2. Arar in Rhodanum inflnit incredibili lenitate, 
ita ut oculis, in utram partem fiuat,^ judicari non possit. 
3. placuit ei ut ad Ariovistum legates mitteret qui ab eo 
postularent uti aliqiiem locum colloquio diceret. 4. equi- 
tatum qui sustineret hostium impetum, misit. 5. per eos, 
ne causam diceret, se eripuit. 6. petit atque hortatur ut vel 
ipse de eo statuat vel civitatem statuere jubeat. 7. Dum- 
norigi custodes ponit ut, quae agat,^ quibuscum loquatur,^ 
scire possit. 

1. Tliere was no doubt that^ the Helvetians were the most 
powerful of all Gaul. 2. He sent [men] to find out^ what^ 
the character of the mountain was. 3. There were two 
ways by which they could^ go out from home. 4. Divitiacus 
witli many tears began to beg Ciesar not to decide on any- 
thing too severe toward his brother. 5. He warns Dum- 
norix to avoid all suspicions for the future. 6. He ordered 
the Allobroges to furnish them a supply of corn. 7. I am 
the only [one] who could^ not be brought to take an oath 
or give my children [as] hostages. 8. Our men attacked 
the enemy so vigorously when the signal was given, that no 
room was given for throwing the javelins at the enemy.^ 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 65 

XLVII. 

Subjunctive in dependent clauses (^contimied^ , 

VOCABULARY. 

hora, -ae, hour. priusquam (conj.), before. 

intellego, -ere, -xi, -ctum, know, voco, -are, -avi, -atuni, call, 
understand. 

EXERCISES. 

1. Helvetii, cum id intellegerent, legates ad eiim mittunt. 
2. id ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per finis ierant, his, uti 
reducerent, imperavit. 3. hoc toto proelio, cum^ ab hora 
septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum^ hostem videre 
nemo potiiit. 4. priusquam qiiicqvam couaretiir, Divitiacum 
ad se vocavit. 5. diutius cum nostrorum impetus sustinere 
non possent, alteri, ut coeperant, in montem se recepe- 
runt ; alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. 
6. vehementer eas incusavit quod quaererent^ quam in par- 
tem^ aut quo consilio ducerentur. 

1. At daybreak, when the top of the mountain was held 
by Labienus, Considius runs up to Caesar. 2. When this 
had been reported to Caesar, he hastened to start from the 
city. 3. When the day which he had set came, he gave no 
one a passage through the province. 4. When the}' could 
not persuade them, they sent ambassadors to Dumnorix the 
Hseduan, in order to gain their request from the Sequanians 
through his intercession.^ 5. He could not use that corn 
which he had brought up the Arar,^ because the Helvetians 
had turned their course from the river. 6. He accuses them 
strongly, because he is not aided by them. 7. Before he 
made^ any attempt he ordered Divitiacus to be summoned 
to him. 



66 EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 

XLVIII. 

Infinitive ; Gr. 334-342. 

VOCABULARY, 

ago, agere, egi, actum, do, deal, valeo, -ere, -ui, -itiini, he strong, 

talk. he ahle. 

dportet, -ere, -uit, it is proper, one auctoritas, -atis, authority, influ- 

ought. ence. 

potior, potiri, potitus, (Gr. si (conj.), if. 

[297]), get, get control of. plebs, plebis, (Gr. [98]), people, 
interim (adv.), meanwhile. common people. 

EXERCISES. 

1. perfacile est, cum virtute omnibus^ praestemus, totms 
Galliae imperio^ potiri. 2. interim quotidie Caesar Haeduos 
frumentum flagitare. 3. Liscus dicit esse noniiullos quorum 
auctoritas apud plebem plurimum A^aleat. 4. Caesari cum 
id mmtiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere 
conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci. 5. Ariovistus respondit, 
si quid Caesar velit, ilium ad se A^enire oportere. 6. Ario- 
vistus ad Caesarem legatos mittit velle^ se de his rebus agere 
cum eo. 7. pauci, viribus confisi, tranare contenderunt. 
8. per exploratores Caesar cognovit montem a suis teneri. 

1. He did not wish these things to be discussed while more 
[persons] were present.^ 2. It is dangerous for the Germans^ 
to get used to cross the Rhine. 3. He saw that the Hseduans 
were held under^ the sway of the Germans. 4. When Csesar 
learned that they kept^ in camp, he chose a place suitable 
for a camp six hundred paces beyond them. 5. The Suevi, 
who had come to the banks of the Ehine, began to return 
home. 6. Word was brought to Caesar that the horsemen 
of Ariovistus were coming nearer to the hill and throwing 
stones and jaA^elins at our men. 7. Caesar promised to care^ 
for the matter, [saying] that he had great hope that Ario- 
vistus would put an end^ to his injuries. 



EXERCISES OX SYNTAX. 57 

XLIX. 

Participles ; Gr. 343-347. 

VOCABULARY. 

converto, -ere, -verti, -versiim, oro, -are, -avi, -atum, heg, pra}j, 

turn, change. ask. 

jQeo, flere, flevi, fletum, weep. mens, -ntis, mind, reason. 

projicio,-ere,-jeci,-jectuin,f/iroi(;. socius, -i, friend, ally. 

tandem (adv.), at last, at length. vulntis, -eris, ivoiind. 

eo (adv.), thither. verbum, -i, word. 

EXERCISES. 
1. Bojos, receptos^ ad se, socios sibi adsciscunt. 2. per- 
siiadent finitimis, iiti eodem usi consilio cum iis proficiscan- 
tur. 3. haec cum pluribus verbis fleus a Caesare peteret, 
Caesar consolatus rogat finem orandi faciat.^ 4. tandem 
Yuliieribus defessi et pedem referre et quod mous saberat 
circiter mille passuum eo se recipere coeperunt. 5. hoc toto 
proelio aversum^ hostem videre nemo potuit. 6. Bojos 
petentibus^ Haeduis ut in finibus suis collocarent concessit. 
7. ea re impetrata, sese omnes flentes Caesari ad pedes 
projecerunt. 

1. Csesar learned that Considius, in his fright,^ had reported 
to him what he had not seen.^ 2. After encouraging his 
men, Csesar joined battle. 3. The Helvetians who had 
betaken themselves to the mountain, began again to make a 
stand, when they saw this.^ 4. Our [men] having waited 
three days on account of the wounds of the soldiers and the 
burial of the slain, could not pursue them. 5. After the 
lapse^ of three days he began to follow them himself with all 
his forces. 6. When he had noticed this, he called^ a council 
and severely upbraided them. 7. He treated those who were 
brought back as enemies. ^^ 8. The Ubii, who dwell nearest 
the Rhine, ^^ pursued^- them [while they were] frightened, 
and slew a large number of-^ them. 



68 EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 

L. 

Gerund and gerundive ; Gr. 348, 349. 

VOCABULARY, 

euro, -are, -avi, -atum, care for, trado, -dere, -didi, -ditiini, give 

attend to. over, surrender. 

instruo, -iiere, -uxi, -uctuni, initiuin, -i, beginning. 

draw up, arrange. mulier, -eris, woman. 

pando, -dere, -di, pansiiin and pons, -ntis, bridge. 

passiini, extend, stretch out. potestas, -atis, power, opportunity. 
servitus, -iitis, slavery. 

EXERCISES. 

1 . mercatores ea important quae ad effeminandos animos 
pertinent. 2. pontem in Arare faciendum curat. 3. collo- 
quendi Caesari causa visa non est. 4. reperiebat in quae- 
rendo^ Caesar initium ejus fugae factum esse a Dumnorige, 
atque ejus equitibus. 5. ad eas res conficiendas, Orgetorix 
delegitur. 6. mulieres in proelium proficiscentis milites 
passis manibus flentes implorabant ne se in servitutem Ro- 
manis traderent. 7. P. Crassus tertiam aciem nostris 
subsidio misit. 8. aciem instruxit hostibusque pugnandi 
potestatem fecit. ^ 9. dixit id se sui muniendi non Galliae 
impugnandae causa facere. 

1. As the hope of returning home had been lost,^ we were 
the more prepared to undergo^ all dangers. 2. The highest 
zeal and eagerness for waging war sprang up. 3. The 
tenth legion affirmed that it was perfectly ready to wage 
war. 4. Caesar stops^ speaking and returns to his [men]. 
5. Caesar went to Nearer Gaul to hold the assizes.^ 6. The 
enemy charged so suddenly and quickly that no room was 
given for throwing^ their javelins at the enemy. 7. The 
town was so fortified by the nature of its position that it 
gave a great opportunity for prolonging a war. 8. He 
said that he ought to suspect that Caesar, because he had 
an army in Gaul, had [it] to crush him.^ 



EXEKCISES ON SYNTAX. 59 

LI. 

Supine; Gr. 350-362. 

VOCABULARY. 
conspicio, -ere, -exi, -ectuni, see, stipero, -are, -avi, -attinri, conquer, 

perceive. overcome. 

existimo, -are, -aA^i, -attim, thinh, inde (adv.), thence, froin there. 

believe. tento, -are, -avi, -atum, try, test. 

fortuna, -ae, fortune. 

EXERCISES. 

1. Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, 
legates ad Caesarein mittunt rogatum auxilium. 2. perfacile 
factu esse illis probat conata perficere. 3. eos cum apud 
se in castris Ariovistus conspexisset, conclamavit, quid ad se 
vemrent.^ 4. Ariovistus respondit Haeduos sibi quoniam 
belli fortunam tentasseut et armis superati essent stipendi- 
arios esse factos. 5. legati veoiebant questum sese ne 
obsidibus quidem- datis pacem redimere potuisse. 6. neque 
sibi homines feros ac barbaros temperaturos^ existimabat, 
quin,^ cum omnem Galliam occupassent, ut ante Cimbri 
Teutonique fecissent, in provinciam exTrent atque inde in 
Italian! contenderent. 

1. The Hseduans came to complain because the Harudes, 
who had lately been brought over into Gaul, were laying^ 
waste their country. 2. I fled from the state and came to 
Rome to ask help. 3. He blamed them severel}^, [saying 
that] Ariovistus had most eagerly sought the friendship of 
the Roman people, when he was consul.^ 4. He resolved 
to send^ envoi's to Ariovistus to ask him to name some place 
for a conference, [saying] that he wished to treat with him 
about the most important interests of each. 5. Caesar prom- 
ised to care'' for this matter, [sa3dng] that he had great 
hope that Ariovistus, led by his kindness and influence, 
would put^ a stop to his wrongs. 



60 EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 

III. 

Forms of conditional sentences ; Gr. 446-456. 

EXERCISES. 

1. si quid vultis, ad Idus Aprilis revertimini. 2. si vim 
facere conentur, prohibeat Caesar. 3. id si fiet, magno cmn 
periciilo provinciae erit. 4. id si fiat, magno cum periculo 
provinciae sit. 5. id si factum esset, magno cum periculo 
provinciae fuisset. 6. si Romani superent, nobis liberta- 
tem eripiant. 7. si Romani superabunt, nobis libertatem 
eripient. 8. si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem 
regni obtinendi Dumnorix venit.^ 9. si quid mihi^ a Caesare 
opus esset, ego ad eum venissem ; si quid ille me vult, ilium 
ad me venire oportet. 10. si nemo sequatur, tamen ego 
cum sola decima legione cam. 

1. If the}^ trj" to cross against my will, I shall stop them. 
2. If they should try to cross, I should stop them. 3. If 
they were trying to cross, I should stop them. 4. If 
they had tried to cross, I should have stopped them. 5. I 
will make peace with you, if hostages are given me by you. 
6. If hostages had been given me, I should have made peace 
with the enemy. 7. If anything happens to him, no one 
will think that it has not been done by my consent. 8. If 
anything were happening, all would think that it was done 
by my consent. 9. If you wish to be free from blame, 
bring back the fugitives. 10. If this be told, we shall come 
into the severest torture. 11. If this should be told to 
Ariovistus, I do not doubt^ thaf* he would inflict^ punish- 
ment on the hostages. 12. If this had been told me, I 
should have inflicted punishment on you. 13. A wall, put 
around this mountain, makes [it] a fort. 14. Considius 
says that the mountain which Caesar wished to be seized by 
Labienus is held by the enemy. 



EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 



61 



LIII, 

Indirect discourse ; Gr. 457-478, 



EXERCISES. 

1. tres jam copiaram partes 
Helvetii id flumen^ transdux- 
erunt. 



2. sunt nonnulli quorum auc- 
toritas apud plebem plurimum 
valet. 

3. scio ilia esse vera nee quis- 
quam ex eo plus quani ego do- 
loris capit. 

4. mons quem a Labieno oc- 
cupari voluisti ab hostibus ten- 
etur ; id a Gallicis armis atque 
insignibus cognovi. 



Caesar certior f actus est tres 
jam copiarum partes Helve tios 
id flumen transduxisse. 



Liscus dicit esse nonnullos 
quorum auctoritas apud plebem 
plurimum valeat. 

Divitiacus dixit scire se ilia 
esse vera nee quenquam ex eo 
plus quam se doloris capere. 

Considius dicit montem quem 
a Labieno occupari voluerit ab 
hostibus teneri ; id se a Gallicis 
armis atque insignibus cogno- 

visse. 



1. They are trying to march 
through our province. 

2. We intend to march through 
the province without any^ harm, 
because we have no other road. 



3. Men of hostile spirit, if the 
privilege of marching through 
the province be given, will not 
refrain from wrong and harm. 



Word was brought to Caesar 
that they were trying to march 
through our province. 

They sent ambassadors to him 
to say that they intended to 
march through the province with- 
out any harm because they had 
no other road. 

He did not think that men of 
hostile spirit, if the privilege of 
marching through the province 
were given, would refrain^ from 
wrong and harm. 



62 



EXEHCISES OK SYNTAX. 



LIV. 



Indirect discourse (continued). 



EXERCISES. 



1. si pacem populus Rom anus 
cum Helvetiis f aciet in eam par- 
tem ibunt atque ibi erunt ubi tu 
eos constitueris 1 atque esse vol- 
ueris ;i sin bello persequi perse- 
verabis, reminiscere et veteris 
incommodi populi Romani et 
pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. 



2. eo mihi minus dubitationis 
datur quod eas res quas vos com- 
memoravistis memoria teneo. 



is ita cum Caesare agit; si 
pacem populus Roman us cum 
Helvetiis faceret in eam partem 
ituros atque ibi futuros Helve- 
tios ubi eos Caesar constituisset 
atque esse voluisset; sin bello 
persequi perseveraret, reminis- 
cere tur et veteris incommodi 
populi Romani et pristinae vir- 
tutis Helvetiorum. 

his Caesar ita respondit; eo 
sibi minus dubitationis dari quod 
eas res quas legati Helvetii com- 
memorassent memoria teneret. 



1. Do not cause this place 
where we stand ^ to take [its] 
name from the defeat of the 
Roman people and the slaugh- 
ter of [their] army. 

2. The Helvetians have been 
taught by their forefathers to 
be 3 in the habit of receiving* 
hostages, not of giving ; of that 
fact the Roman nation is a wit- 
ness. 



[He told him] not to cause 
that place where they stood to 
take its name from the defeat 
of the Roman people and the 
slaughter of their army. 

Divico answered that the Hel- 
vetians had been taught by their 
forefathers to be in the habit of 
receiving hostages, not of giv- 
ing ; that the Roman nation was 
a witness of that fact. 



EXERCISES OK SYNTAX. 63 

LT. 

Indirect discourse (continued), 

EXERCISES. 

1. Caesari renunciatur Helvetiis esse in animo per agruni 
Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter iu Santonum fines facere qni 
non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt^ quae civitas est^ in 
provincia. 

2. Liscus dicit hos seditiosa atque improba oratione niul- 
titudinem deterrere ne frumentum conferant quod praestare 
debeant. 

3. Caesar reperit Dumnorigem odisse Romanos quod 
eorum adventu potentia ejus deminuta et Divitiacus f rater 
in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris sit restitutus. 

4. eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub 
monte consedisse milia passuum ab ipsius castris octo, 
qualis esset natura montis et qualis in circuitu ascensus qui 
cognoscerent misit. renunciatum est facilem esse. 

1. Divitiacus the Hseduan spoke for- them, [saying] 
that all Gaul was divided into two parties^ ; that the Hsed- 
uans held the leadership of one of these, the Arverni of the 
other ; that after these had fought^ with each other for^ the 
power many years, it came to pass that the Germans were 
hired ^ \)Y the Arverni ; that at first about fifteen thousand of 
these crossed the Ehine ; that now there were in Gaul one 
hundred and twenty thousand. 

2. He said that he was the only one out of the whole state 
of the Hseduans who could not be brought to take the oath, 
or give his children as hostages ; that for this reason^ he had 
fled from the state, and had come to Rome to the senate to 
ask aid, because he alone was not held either^ b}^ an oath or 
by hostages. 



64 EXERCISES OK SYNTAX. 

LVI. 

Relations of place. 

Place where; locative, Gr. 273; ablative^ Gr. 299; Avitli 

prepositions, Gr. 308. 
Place to which ; accusative, Gr. 266 ; with prepositions, 

Gr. 268. 
Place from which ; ablative, Gr. 293 ; with prepositions, 

Gr. 308. 

EXERCISE. 
1. Belgae a cultu atque buinanitate longissime absunt, 
minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant. 2. aut siiis 
finibus eos prohibent, aut ipsi in coram iinibus bellum gerunt. 
3. civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis 
exirent. 4. trium mensium moUta cibaria sibi quemque 
domo efFerre jubent. 5. Rhodanus nonnuHis locis vado tran- 
situr. 6. ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. 7. 
Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram 
iter facere conari,^ maturat ab urbe proficisci et quam max- 
imis potest itineribus in GalUam ulteriorem contendit et ad^ 
Genuam pervenit. provinciae toti quam maximum potest 
militum numerum imperat — erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore 
legio una — pontem, qui erat ad Genuam, jubet rescind!. 
8. interea ea legione quam secum liabebat, militibusque, qui 
ex provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen 
Rhodanum influit, ad montem Juram, qui fines Sequanorum 
ab Helvetiis dividit, millia passuum decem novem murum in 
altitudinem pedum sedecim fossamque perducit. 9. eo 
autem frumento quod flumine^ Arare navibus subvexerat 
propterea minus ^ uti poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii 
averterant a quibus discedere nolebat. 10. non solum 
domi sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter potest. 11. 
Divitiacus dixit ob cam rem se ex civitate profugisse et 
Romam ad senatum venisse auxilium postulatum. 



EXERCISES OK SYNTAX. 



LVII. 

Relations of place (^continuecT), 

EXERCISE. 

1. hie locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Cae- 
sar is aberat. eo, ut erat dictum, ad colloquium venerunt. 
legiouem Caesar, quam equis devexerat, passibus ducentis 
ab eo loco constituit. 2. ultra eum locum, quo in loco 
Germani consederant, circiter passus sescentos ab iis, castris 
idoueum locum delegit acieque triplici instructa ad eum locum 
venit. 3. ipse a dextro cornu, quod cam partem minime 
firmam liostium esse animadverterat, proelium commisit. 
4. hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato Suevi, qui ad ripas 
Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperant ; quos Ubii, qui 
proximi Rhenum incolunt, perterritos insecuti magnum ex 
his numerum occiderunt. Caesar una aestate duobus maxi- 
mis bellis confectis maturms paulo quam temp us anni postu- 
labat, in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit ; hibernis 
Labienum praeposuit ; ipse in citeriorem Galliam ad conven- 
tus agendos profectus est. 5. Belgae ab extremis Galliae 
finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis 
Rheni, spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aqui- 
tania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et cam partem 
oceani, quae est ad^ Hispaniam, pertinet ; spectat inter occa- 
sum solis et septentriones. 6. biduo post Ariovistus ad 
Caesarem legatos mittit ; velle se de his rebus quae inter eos 
agi coeptae neque perfectae essent agere cum eo ; uti aut 
iterum colloquio diem constitueret, aut, si id minus vellet, e 
suis legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. colloquendi Caesari 
causa visa non est, et eo magis, quod pridie ejus diei Ger- 
man! retineri non poterant quin in nostros tela conjicerent. 
legatum e suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum et 
hominibus feris objecturum existimabat. commodissimum 
visum est C. Valerium Procillum ad eum mittere. 



66 EXERCISES OK SYNTAX, 



LTIII. 

Relations of time. 
Time when or within which ; Gr. 301. 
Time during which ; Gr. 266, 302. 
Dates ; Gr. 487-497. 
Ablative absolute ; Gr. 307. 
Temporal clauses ; Gr. 330. 

EXERCISE. 

1. die constituta causae dictionis, Orgetorix omnem suam 
famiUam undique coegit. 2. cum civitas jus suum exsequi 
conaretur, Orgetorix mortuus^ est. 3. ubi jam se ad eam 
rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt, vicos incendunt. 4. diem 
dicunt, qua die ad ripam omnes conveniant. is dies erat a. 
d.^ V. Kal. Apr. L. Pisone, A. Gabinio consulibus. 5. ut 
spatium intercedere posset, dum milites quos imperaverat 
convenirent,^ legatis respondit diem^ se ad deUberandum 
sumpturum ; si quid velleut ad^ Id. Apr. reverterentur. 
6. in fines Yocontiorum die septimo pervenit. 7. lega- 
tionis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiano^ dux Helveti- 
orum fuerat. 8. ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt. 
9. pluribus praesentibus eas res jactari nolebat. 10. itaque 
prius quam quicquam conaretur,'' Divitiacum ad se vocari 
jubet. 11. de tertia vigilia T. Labienum summum jugum 
montis adscendere jubet. 12. post quam id animum adver- 
tit copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subdacit. 13. 
hoc toto proelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugna- 
tum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. 14. ea tota 
nocte continenter ierunt ; nullam partem noctis itinere inter- 
misso in fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt, cum et 
propter vulnera militum et propter sepulturam occisorum 
nostri triduum morati eos sequi non potuissent. 



EXERCISES O:^ SYNTAX. 67 

LIX. 

Relations of time (contiJiued) . 

EXERCISE. 

1. prima^ nocte e castris Helvetiorum egressi ad Rhenmn 
finesque Germaoorum contendernnt. 2. panels mensibus 
ante Harudnm millia horainnm xxiii ad enm venerant. 
3. fntnrnm est^ panels annis nt omnes ex Galliae finibns 
pellantnr. 4. dnm pancos dies ad Vesontionem rei frnmen- 
tariae commeatnsqne causa moratnr, timor omnem exercitum 
oecnpavit. 5. haec enm animadvertisset, veheraenter eos 
inensavit. 6. dixit Ariovistnm se consnle cnpidissime pop- 
uli Roman! amieitiam appetisse. 7. factum ejus hostis 
pericninm patrnm nostrornm memoria ; factum etiam nuper 
in Italia servili tumnltn. 8. septimo die, cum iter non 
intermitteret, ab exploratoribus certior factus est Ariovisti 
copias a nostris millibns passnnm quattnor et viginti, abesse. 
9. biduo post Ariovistns ad Caesarem legatos mittit. 10. 
ex eo die dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas 
copias produxit, nt, si vellet Ariovistns proelio contendere, 
ei potestas non deesset. Ariovistus his omnibus diebns 
exercitum castris continnit. 11. nbi ne tum qnidem eos 
prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra 
rednxit. tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, 
quae castra minora oppugnaret,^ misit. acriter ntrimqne 
usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. solis occasn suas copias 
Ariovistus multis et inlatis et acceptis vulneribns in castra 
rednxit. 12. nbi enm castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, 
ne dintius commeatu prohiberetur, ultra eum locum quo in 
loco Germani consederant, circiter passus sescentos ab lis, 
castris idoneum locum delegit acieque triplici instructa ad 
enm locum venit. primam et secundam aciem in armis esse, 
tertiam castra munire jussit. 



68 EXERCISES ON SYNTAX, 

LX. 

For miscellaneous questions in review. 

EXERCISE. 
Caesar, Bp:ll. Gall. I., Cap. I.-IV. 

I. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres ; qiiarum unam 
incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitania, tertium qui^ ipsorumMin- 
gua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. hi omnes lingua, 
institutis, legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis 
Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.^ 
horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae, propterea quod a 
cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, mini- 
meque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad 
efFeminandos animos pertinent, important, proximique sunt 
Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum conti- 
nenter bellum gerunt. qua de causa^ Helvetii quoque reli- 
quos Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotidianis proeliis 
cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos pro- 
hibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. eorum 
una pars quam Gallos obtinere dictum est,^ initium capit a 
flumine Rhodano; continetur^ Garumna flumine, Oceano, fin- 
ibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab^ Sequanis et Helvetiis 
flumen Rhenum ; vergit^ ad septentriones. Belgae ab ex- 
tremis Galliae finibus oriuntur, pertinent ad inferiorem par- 
tem fluminis Rheni, spectant^ in septentrionem et orientem 
solem. Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes 
et earn partem Ocean! , quae est ad Hispaniam, pertinet ; 
spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones.^^ 

II. Apud^^ Helvetios longe nobilissimus f uit et ditissimus 
Orgetorix. Is M. Messala et M. Pisone consulibus regni 
cupiditate inductus conjurationem nobilitatis fecit et civitati 
persuasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent ; 
perfacile esse,^^ cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Gal- 



EXEKCISES ON SYNTAX. 69 

liae imperio^^ potiri. id hoc^^ facilius eis persuasit quod 
undique loci natura Helvetii contineDtiir ; una ex^^ parte 
flumine Rheno latissimo et altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium 
a Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte monte Jura altissimo qui 
est inter Sequanos et Helvetios ; tertia lacu Lemanuo et 
flumine Rliodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis 
dividit. his rebus ^^ fiebat, ut et minus late vagarentur, et 
minus facile finitimis bellum inferre possent ; qua de causa 
homines bellandi cupidi magno dolore adficiebantur. pro^^ 
multitudine autem hominum et pro gloria belli atque forti- 
tudinis angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur, qui in longi- 
tudinem millia passuum ccxl in latitudinem clxxx patebant. 
III. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti 
constitiierunt ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent compa- 
rare, jumentorum et carrorum quam maximum numerum 
coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere copia 
frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem et ami- 
citiam confirmare. ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi 
satis esse duxerunt, in tertium annum profectionem lege 
confirmant. ad eas res conficiendas Orgetorix deligitur. 
is sibi^^ legationem ad civitates suscepit. in eo itinere per- 
suadet Castico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequano, cujus pater 
regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat et a senatu 
populi Eomani amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate 
sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat ; itemque Dnmno- 
rigi Haeduo, fratri Divitiaci, qui eo tempore principatum in 
civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus-^^ erat, ut idem 
conaretur persuadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium dat. 
perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere, propterea 
quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset ; non esse 
dubium, quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent ; se 
suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum con- 
firmat. hac oration e adducti inter se fidem et jus jurandum 
dant et regno occupato^^ per tres potentissimos ac firmissi- 
mos populos totius Galliae ^^ sese potiri posse sperant. 



70 EXERCISES ON SYNTAX. 

IV. Ea res Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. moribus 
SLiis Orgetorigem ex vinclis causam dicere-^ coegerunt. 
damnatum^^ poenam sequi oportebat, iit igni cremaretur. 
die constituta causae dictionis^^ Orgetorix ad judicium omnem 
suam familiam,^^ ad hominum railia decem, undique coegit et 
omnes clientes obaeratosque suos quorum magnum numerum 
habebat, eodem conduxit ; per eos ne^^ causam diceret, se 
eripuit. cum civitas ob earn rem incitata armis jus suum 
exsequi conaretur multitudinemque hominum ex agris magis- 
tratus cogerent, Orgetorix mortuus est;^^ neque abest suspi- 
cio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem consci- 
verit.^ 



I^OTES. 



[The exercises are numbered for convenience of reference, but 
it is not intended that each shall be a separate lesson, though most 
of them will be found of the proper length for a single recitation. 
Some, however, contain matter which should be slowly learned and 
digested. Such are the topics included under the head of "Pre- 
liminary '* and of " Inflection of the Verb.^^ In all cases, however, 
the teacher should divide the work according to the needs and capa- 
bilities of his class. 

The references to the Grammar at the head of each exercise in- 
clude only the head matter in larger print, which should be thor- 
oughly and completely memorized. In connection with each lesson 
the notes should be carefully read over, and, when necessary, ex- 
plained and illustrated by the teacher. In particular, the teacher 
should assure himself that all the technical terms of grammar em- 
ployed are made perfectly clear to the pupils by repeated definition 
and explanation. Such terms often suggest only the vaguest ideas 
to a beginner, and time spent in giving an exact knowledge of them 
is spent to the best advantage possible. In some cases, especially 
in the lessons on syntax, portions of the notes should be memorized. 
Such cases are left to the judgment of the teacher, as no directions 
can be given that will suit all classes. 

Besides the references to the Grammar, the pupil should be required 
to commit to memory the vocabularies, giving the Latin word when the 
teacher gives the English, or vice versa. The English sentences should 
be written out in Latin, copied on the blackboard, corrected, and given 
orally as a review along with the following lesson. Such a method is 
a very exacting one for both teacher and pupil, but is after all the 
shortest, since it brings in the end far better results with far less work. 
All the words used in the exercises on forms are given in the vocabu- 
laries, that the pupil may have as much time as possible to gain a per- 
fect mastery of the inflections ; words used in the exercises on syntax 



72 NOTES. 



must often be looked for in the index at the end of the book. The 
omission is intentional, its object being to give the pupil practice in 
finding words in an alphabetical vocabulary. Few teachers are aware 
how large a part of the two or three hours spent in translating a page 
of a Latin author is spent by the beginner in the mechanical task of 
searching out words in his lexicon. A little more expertness in finding 
a word will certainly be no loss to the pupil when he takes up his 
Caesar or Cicero. 

The teacher should not confine himself to the exercises given here, 
but should give various oral exercises, taking a short sentence and 
varying it; changing the number or person of the subject, the tense, 
mood or voice of the verb, etc. That there should be constant prac- 
tice in repeating and writing inflectional forms is so self-evident that it 
is unnecessary to dwell upon it here. Moreover, from the very first 
the pupil should be trained to notice the ending of the inflected words. 
Such a habit, formed at the beginning, will do much to prevent the 
blundering in translation that always results from a disregard of the 
meaning and force of flectional syllables. Too great stress cannot be 
given at the beginning to the difference between English and Latin in 
their methods of expressing the relation of words to one another, the 
former chiefly by prefixing something to the significant word ; the lat- 
ter, by adding something. The pupil should be made to see at the 
very beginning that in virtutis, for example, it is the final syllable that 
expresses the relation which is expressed in English by the preposition 
^' of " ; and the rest of the word which gives the meaning " courage. ""] 

I. 

The preliminary definitions and principles should be taken slowly 
and carefully, and special pains should be taken with pronunciation 
and accent. As soon as the pupil has memorized the rules of quantity 
and accent, he should be given practice in pronouncing words, point- 
ing out long and short syllables, etc. Any page of the exercises will 
furnish material for such training. The teacher may, if he chooses, 
assign certain portions to be read over in advance as a part of the 
lesson, and require the pupil to point out all syllables, the quantity of 
which can be determined by inspection. 

The rules of euphony of vowels and consonants may properly be 
omitted in the reading of the notes, until flectional forms, that serve to 
illustrate them, are reached. Such will be found chiefly in the eon- 
sonant-declension and the verb. 



NOTES. 



II. 

Rules of Syntax. (To be carefully memorized.) 

The nominative is used as the subject of a finite verb. 

The finite verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 

The predicate-7ioun agrees ivith the subject in case. 

(The teacher should assure himself that every pupil has a clear and 
definite idea of the meaning of '^subject," "finite verb/' "agrees," 
" predicate-noun/' etc.) 

1. e stands only before consonants ; ex before both consonants and 
vowels. — 2. non precedes the word it limits. — 3. The Latin has no 
articles, causa, for example, may be translated cause, a cause, or the 
cause, as the sense of the passage requires. — 4. The verb of a Latin 
sentence is more commonly at the end. — 5. Words in brackets are to 
be omitted in translating into Latin. — 6. The Latin has no words cor- 
responding to the English introductory there and it. These words 
should therefore be omitted in translating into Latin. "There is no 
cause'' becomes in Latin "cause is not" (i.e. does not exist). 

III. 

1. causa (abl.) means "for the sake," and stands after the genitive 
that limits it; e.g. gloriae causa, for glorfs sake, for the sake of glory. 
— 2. You may be translated into Latin by either the singular or the 
plural. In the earlier exercises the pupil should write both forms. — 
3. use cum. 

IV. 

Questions answered by yes or 7io are indicated in Latin, not as in 
English, by putting the verb before the subject, but by the use of the 
interrogative particles -ne and num. 

A question is asked by appending -ne to the prominent or emphatic 
word, which is regularly put first in the sentence ; e.g. estne causa ? 
"Zs there a cause ? " causane est ? "Is there a cause ? " 

The insertion of a negative word, as in English, shows that the an- 
swer yes is expected, -ne is appended to the negative as the prominent 
word, nonne causa est? "Is there not a cause ? " 

Num is used when the answer no is expected. It stands regularly at 
the beginning of the sentence, num causa est? "Is there a cause ? " 
( = There is no cause, is there ? ). 

Answers are usually given by repeating some words of the question. 

1. a stands only before consonants ; ab before both vowels and 
consonants. — 2. Abl. without a prep. Compare No. 7 of the Latin 
exercise. 



74 NOTES. 



Rules of Syntax. 

The adjective agrees with the noun it limits in gender, number and case. 

The accusative is used as the direct object of an action. 

The inflection of an a-stem verb in the pres. ind. act. is given in 
the vocabulary. The pupil should carefully learn the endings. Take 
notice that occupo and importo are inflected in the same way as 
pugno. The pres. infin. act. (ending -are) is also given. 

The Latin has no progressive or emphatic forms of conjugation. 
pugnat may be translated ^^he Jights,'' "/ze is fighting, '^ or " Ae does 
fight,'' according to the connection. 

1. Adjectives are often used substantively as in English ; e.g. 
amicus = a friendly man ; i.e. a friend. — 2. popiili may be either 
gen. sg. or nom. pi. here. Translate the sentence in both ways. — 
3. Translate amici in this sentence as an adjective, but in the fol- 
lowing one as a noun. 

VI. 

Rule of Syntax. 

The dative is used as the indirect object. 

(The teacher should make the meaning of " indirect object " per- 
fectly clear by repeated illustration. ) 

1. alius . . . alius = one . . . another; alii . . . alii = some . . . 
others ; alter . . . alter = the one . . . the other. — 2. do is peculiar 
in having a in the endings -amus, -atis, while other a-stem verbs 
have -amtis, -atis. So in the infin. dare. — 3. i.e. to my son ; indirect 
object. 

VII. 

Rule of Syntax 

The vocative is used to denote the person or thing spoken to. 

1. Verbs meaning " call/' '' name/' etc., take two direct objects as 
in English, one of Avhich becomes subject when the verb is passive; 
the other a predicate-noun. — 2. " They are called," etc. Galli is the 
predicate-noun, not the subject. — 3. "On the next day." — 4. See VI., 
note 1. — 5. Compare No. 1 of the Latin exercise. — 6. The nominative 
is regularly used for the vocative in the plural, and in the singular 
when there is no separate vocative form. — 7. Use ob. — 8. Compare 
No. 9 of the Latin exercise. — 9. Use the plural. 



NOTES. 75 

VIII. 

Rule of Syntax. 

The aiipositive agrees with the noun it limits in case. 

Before going on with the exercises, the pupil should thoroughly 
master this lesson, and be able to inflect any consonant stem, on know- 
ing the nom. and gen. sg. and the gender. 

1. adsiiin and absiim are inflected like sum ; ad or ab being pre- 
fixed to each form. — 2. Compare Yl., note I, and notice that alter, 
not alius, is used when only two things are spoken of. — 3. Compare 
No. 1 of the Latin sentences. 

IX. 

1. Less of corn; i.e. less corn. — 2. *'Many and great " = the Eng- 
lish " many great,'' etc. — 3. Hither Gaul ; i.e. nearer Gaul, — the 
valley of the Po. — 4. " Old " must agree with the understood noun, 
" war." 

X. 

Rule of Syntax. 

The accusative is used to denote extent of time or space. 

This lesson also needs special care. The teacher should require the 
pupil to tell the class of ^ach i-stem ; to repeat the endings until they 
are entirely familiar, and to consult the lists in [99] whenever a new 
i-stem is met with, to determine its form in doubtful cases. 

1. Use pi. of finis. 

XI. 

1. " Orders to the province," i.e. levies on, etc. ; orders the province 
to furnish. — 2. '^ Is burning,'' i.e. is behig burned. Use passive. 

XII. 

1. inter se, '*' mutually." Translate each other or one another, pre- 
ceded by to, for, from, or any preposition that the English idiom re- 
quires. — 2. See Gr. [99]. — 3. Translate ^'for marriage '^ ; in with ace. 
— 4. Use abl. without a prep. 

XIII. 

Time will be saved by stopping on the review of the declensions 
until the pupils have thoroughly mastered them. 

The irregularities of the words given in tjie vocabulary should be 
learned from [115] and [116] ; other irregular nouns should be learned 
in the same way as they are met with hereafter. 



76 NOTES. 

1. Translate "from" or "because of." — 2. Translate "much of 
blood." Compare IX., note 1. — 3. At home; domi, locative. — 
4. Use in. 

XIV. 

The first ten numerals should be learned, also centum and mille, and 
the method of formation of the others noticed. 

1. The ace. domum means "home," "homeward"; the locative 
domi, "at home." — 2. Use abest. — 3. Use in w. ace. — 4. AbL 
without a prep. 

XV. 

1. "On one side." — 2. "Very high." The superlative often means 
"very." — 3. "It is very hard, etc." Literally, "to import, etc., is 
very hard." The infinitive is used, as m English, as subject, but there 
is no introductory word. Compare II., note 6. An infinitive thus used, 
being an indeclinable noun, is neuter, and the predicate-adjective must 
agree with it in the neuter singular. 

XVI. 

1. exterus, inferus and superus are rarely found in the positive. 
— 2. quam before a superlative emphasizes it ; e.g. quani maxiinus, 
"the very greatest," "the greatest possible." — 3. "Three fourths." — 
4. "The nearest route," i.e. shortest. — 5. summus nions = " top of 
the mountain." So imus mens = foot of the mountain. — 6. Translate 
" nearest cities." — 7. Translate " many and large." 

XVII. 

1. et . . . et=: both . . . and. — 2. ego et tu is the usual order of 
the personal pronouns in Latin. — 3. cum is appended to the ablative 
case of the personal pronouns ; vobiscum = cum vobis. — 4. Express 
too by using the comparative. — Use abest. — 6. inter se ; see XII., 
note 1. — 7. Use fines. 

XVIII. 

When used adjectively is, ille and iste correspond nearly to the 
English this or that; ipse to self (myself, himself etc., according to the 
word it limits). All of them are often used substantively, and are 
translated by he, she or it ; ipse, being emphatic, may be translated by 
emphasizing the English pronoun, or by adding self. 

1. satis is often use(} with the verb "6e" as an indeclinable predi- 
cate-adjective. — 2. res novae, "new things," a change in government, 
revolution. — 3. See XVI., note 2. 



NOTES. 77 



XIX. 

Hie, when used adjectively, means this; idem, same. Both are 
often used substantively, and, like is and ille, have the general force 
of personal pronouns ; he, she, it. 

1. Use fines. — 2. Use absvim. 

XX. 

Rule of Syntax. 

The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number and 
person. 

1. Translate " minds/^ — 2. Translate "more of land,^^ plus agri. 

XXI. 

The preliminary lessons on verbal inflections may be taken in con- 
nection with Lessons XXII. to XXIX., instead of memorizing the whole 
at once. But the teacher should see that all of this preliminary mat- 
ter is thoroughly mastered before leaving the verb and passing to the 
exercises in Syntax. 

The lessons that follow^ on the verb-forms should not be taken too 
rapidly. The pupil should master the lists of verbal endings thor- 
oughly, and the teacher should give him practice in repeating these 
rather than in repeating the model verb given in the foot-notes. There 
should be constant practice in analyzing the verb-forms into their ele- 
ments of stem, sign, and suflix, until the pupil can tell any one of them 
at a glance. Constant practice in writing inflections on the board is of 
course indispensable. 

XXII. 

Rules of Syntax. 

The indicative is used to make a statement directly. 

The indicative is used to ash a question directly. 

The imperative is used to give a command directly. 

The subjunctive is used to make a statement doubtfully. 

The subjunctive is used to ask a question doubtfully. 

The subjunctive is used to give a command doubtfully (e.g. in exhorta- 
tions, ivishes, requests, or mild commands). 

1. Deponent verbs are to be translated as active forms. — 2. do, 
dare, has short a as stem vowel. Gr. 226. — 3. The gerund corre- 
sponds to the English verbal noun in -ing. — 4. visit, commeo ad ; lit. 
'' travel to." 



78 KOTES. 



XXIII. 

1. See XV., note 1. — 2. Abl. without a prep. — 3. See XXII., note 
4. — 4. royal power; regnum. — 5. fines. — 6. Use in w. ace. — 7. 
"The same thing which I'' [attempt] ; idem quod, etc. — 8. Use 
plur. — 9. nuntio. — 10. Use fut. In English the present tense is 
often used, as here, of actions really future in time, especially in 
subordinate clauses. The Latin is more exact in the use of the tenses. 
Notice also that the relative pronoun is omitted in this sentence in 
English, but must be inserted in the Latin ; *^ battles which you 
shall see." 

XXIV. 

1. "for which reason," or simply "therefore." — 2. "give a jour- 
ney." — 3. " great marches." — 4. " nearest route." — 5. " him " refers 
to the subject ; use the proper case of sui. The prep, cum is ap- 
pended to the abl. case of the personal pronouns. See XVII., note 3. 
— 6. Use iter. 

XXV. 

1. "Takes its beginning from"; i.e. begins at . . . — 2. Use e or 
ex. — 3. Compare XXIV., note 5. 

XXVI. 

1. Use ablative without a prep. — 2. "This news " = these things, 
haee. — 3. Use future. Compare XXIIL, note 10. 

XXVII. 

The forms of verbs given in the vocabulary are the first three of 
the "principal parts." See Gr. 168, 169. 

1. Use imperf. tense. — 2. Use future perf. The "assembling" is 
to be finished before the "giving." — 3. " to the bank"; ad w. ace. — 
4. See XXIV., note 2. 

XXVIII. 

The force and construction of the forms from the simple stem can- 
not be clearly given until the pupil has gone further, as most of them 
have no corresponding forms in English. Meanwhile the supine may 
be translated b}^ the English infinitive, and the fut. act. participle by 
" about to." The perf. i^ass. participle corresponds to theEnglish pass, 
participle; e.g. datus = " given," or '' having been given"; daturus, 
" about to give," etc. 

Erom this point the teacher should require the principal parts of 
all verbs, and the form of each stem, with the manner of formation of 



NOTES. 79 



the present and perfect stems as shown in the Gr. 158-1G2 and 164-107. 
Verbs in the vocabularies, without any meaning added, have been al- 
ready defined in preceding vocabularies. 

1. " easy to do." — 2. " to ask for." — 3. Compare the second Latin 
sentence. — 4. Abl. without a prep. — 5. factu. — 6. Use e. — 7. Use 
a. — 8. lines. 

XXIX. 

1. i.e. is now divided ; has been divided. Use the perf . tense. The 
present would mean " is being divided/' " is now undergoing division." 

— 2. Use future perf. Compare XXIII., note 10, and XXYIL, note 2. 

— 3. Use e. 

XXX. 
1. The pres. part, praesens usually means "present," perhaps be- 
cause adsum lacks the participle. — 2. "would be able"; see Gr. 317. — 

3. "it is not advantageous, etc." — 4. locus. — 5. Perfect tense. — 6. 
Abl. without a prep. — 7. Use the singular. A finite verb sometimes 
agrees with the nearest subject, and is understood with the others. — 
8. " One hundred and twenty thousands of men." 

XXXI. 

1. debet) ant, " were under obligation." As the English ought has 
no past tense, some other expression of the same force must be used 
here. — 2. "from one another." — 3. Use dative case to express on 
here. — 4. Translate " nations which are beyond the Rhine." — 5. Use 
fut. tense. 

XXXII. 

1. Translate "to be able very much" (plurimum). — 2. "with," 
apud. — 3. "many taken enemies." — 4. Pres. malo^ I prefer. Trans- 
late "rather . . . than" by quam. 

XXXIII. 

1. Compounds of eo almost always drop the v of the perfect stem. 
See Gr. [12] (c). — 2. "to their friends." — 3. Abl. without a prep. — 

4. Future tense. 

XXXIV. 

1 . per me, " for all of me," " as far as I am concerned." — 2. Use 
nolite with the infin., " be unwilling to, etc." — 3. Use e. — 4. Use 
future perf. — 5. Compare XXXL, note 3. — 6. "you may" = "it is 
permitted to you." 



80 NOTES. 

Exercises on Syntax. 
[The exercises on syntax given here are not enough to give the 
pupil a thorough training, but are intended to cover the more impor- 
tant and common constructions, and give him enough familiarity with 
them to begm the translation of a Latin author. The teacher should 
keep in mind the fact that constant repetition is the only way to make 
a principle familiar to the learner, and also that pupils find such repe- 
tition and training much less irksome at the beginning of their study 
than later.] 

XXXV. 

1. avideo is semi-deponent; see Gr. [216] (g). — 2. tres partes = 
three-fourths. — 3. See Gr. [268]. — 4. Translate in Sequanos "among 
the Sequani/^ — 5. See Gr. [262], end. — 6. Abl. without a prep. — 
7. " For " is often used in English to express extent of time and space. 
— 8. Translate "thought himself to be able," etc. — 9. Use dum with 
present tense. 

XXXVI. 

1. quibuscum; see XVII, note 3. — 2. "The Helvetians have in 
mind," Gr. 270. — 3. Dat. with a compound of prae, Gr. [269], end. — 
4. "advantageous," lit. "for an advantage." Gr. [272]. — 5. Translate 
"nothing of left," i.e. of remainder, nihil reliqui. — 6. "for an aid to 
Cassar."— 7. " neighboring to." — 8. "what of business." — 9. ^'^ into a 
province," in with ace. — 10. See Gr. [269]. — 11. "on account of," 
propter. 

XXXVII. 

1. ("was able very much," i.e.) "had great influence." — 2. See 
Gr. [268]. — 3. ("asks from him alone those things," i.e.) questions him 
privately about, etc. — 4. Translate " one hundred and ten of thousands."' 

XXXVIII. 

1. tridtii, see Gr. [284]. — 2. See Gr. [284], near end. — 3. (foot- 
soldiers equally many in number, i.e.) "the same number of foot- 
soldiers." — 4. "once and again" i.e. repeatedly, several times. — 5. 
Translate " more of sorrow." — 6. Use ex. 

XXXIX. 

1. See Gr. [285], end. — 2. See Gr. [257]. — 3. res militaris = war- 
fare. — 4. feelings; animus, lit. soul, mind. 

XLI. 

1. See Gr. [297].— 2. See Gr. [297], end. — 3. "and those who.^'^ 
The antecedent is often implied in the relative. — 4. See Gr. [269], end. 



NOTES. 81 

— 5. Translate "many things," multa. — 6. Translate "it was fought." 
See Gr. [234]. — 7. "In war." bello; lit. "by war." 

XLII. 

1. See Gr. [299]. — 2. inter se. — 3. Use abl. without a prep. The 
Latin uses an abl. of means ; " kept in his army by means of the camp." 

— 4. aperto latere; "on the open (i.e. undefended) side." The left 
side was covered by the shield. — 5. prima nocte; in the first part of 
the night. 

Xlilll. 
1. The perfect means "am wont"; plup. "was wont," etc. — 2. 
See Gr. [234]. — 3. injussu (found only in the abl.) means "with the 
no-order,^' i.e. without the order of, etc. — 4. Translate " in whom." — 5. 
" faith of all things," i.e. confidence in all matters. — 6. " in the third 
watch." — 7. " at what interval he was wont," i.e. at the interval, at 
which, etc. — 8. in coUe medio ; lit. on the middle of the hill. Me- 
dius, like swmmus, imus, primus, etc., sometimes refers to a part 
of the word it limits. Compare XYL, note 5. — 9. " a thousand and 
five hundred paces." — 10. intra fines. 

XLiIV. 

The pupil should carefully read Gr. [307] and take note of the dif- 
ferent ways of translating the ablative absolute. The absolute con- 
struction, though not common in English, is a favorite one in Latin. 
In some of the sentences given in the exercise more than one way of 
translation is possible, and the teacher should require the pupil to give 
them all, and tell the modification expressed, — time, cause, conces- 
sion, etc. 

1. gratulatum is supine. — 2. on the right wing. — 3. viribus 
may be dative (Gr. [269]) or ablative (Gr. [297]). Both cases are 
found with confido. — 4. Active forms in English must often be 
changed to the passive in translating into Latin, since the Latin has no 
perfect active participle. So here, translate "our cavalry -having been 
driven back." — 5. " This speech having been delivered.'^ 

XLiV. 

Illustrations of "sequence of tenses" will come in the next exer- 
cise and the following, when the subjunctive in subordinate clauses 
has been introduced. 

1. nihil is usually found only in nom. and ace, but a regularly de- 
clined o-stem is found in the old Latin, and the abl. uihilo occurs with 



82 NOTES. 



minus to denote degree of difference. — 2. Supply esse. Certain 
forms of sum are often omitted. For bono animo, see Gr. 305. — 3. 
Use perf . — 4. Translate " having set out." The Latin is more exact 
than the English in the use of tenses. The perfect must be used here, 
because the setting out takes place before the coming. A present par- 
ticiple would imply that it took place at the same time. — 5. Use 
present. See Gr. [309]. 

XL.VI. 

[The exercises given in this and the next lesson are too few to give 
the necessary training on subjunctive uses, but the following lessons 
will contain illustrations, and the teacher should require a reason for 
every subjunctive met with from this time forth. Subjunctives in con- 
ditional sentences are purposely omitted, that the various forms of con- 
ditional sentences may be given together in a later lesson. 

The pupil should take notice that the English usually expresses 
purpose by the infinitive, and should translate accordingly. Most of 
the explanation necessary is left to the teacher, who should give mi- 
nute and patient training on the moods until the pupil has formed the 
habit of noticing the force of a subjunctive, and the modification of 
thought expressed by its use.] 

1. See Gr. 323.-2. quin. See Gr. [326]. — 3. Use rel. pr. and 
compare No. 3 of the Latin exercise. — 4. Use qualis. — 5. Subj. A 
clause of characteristic. See Gr. [326]. — 6. "room of throwing . . . was 
not given." 

XLiVII. 

1. "although." — 2. an enemy turned away, i.e. an enemy fleeing. 

— 3. What difference of meaning would the indicative give ? See Gr. 
[328]. — 4. "In what direction." — 5. Translate "he [being] inter- 
cessor"; abl. abs. — 6. Abl. See Gr. [297], end. — 7. Compare No. 4 
of the Latin exercise. 

XLiVIII. 

1. See Gr. [269], end. — 2. See Gr. [297]. — 3. velle is the object of a 
verb of saying implied in legatos mittit. Insert " saying " in translation. 

— 4. Use abl. abs. — 5. i.e. "that the Germans should get used," etc. 
Notice the use of " for " in English before an infinitive phrase. The 
sentence can mean also that crossing is dangerous for the Germans, in 
which case " Germans " would be dative. Write it in both ways. — 6. 
Translate "in the sway." — 7. i.e. kept themselves there. Translate ac- 
cordingly. — 8. After verbs of promising, etc., the exactness of the Latin 



NOTES. 83 



requires the future. As there is no future infinitive, the pres. infin. of 
the act. periphrastic conjugation must be used, as it is nearly equivalent 
to a future. Translate " that the matter was going to be for a care 
to him." — 9. Translate "make an end for his injuries," and notice 
that a future form, as in the first part, is required. 

XlilX. 

1. Translate receptos as an independent clause. So usi, in the 
next sentence, as if in the same construction as proficiscantur. — 
2. ut is omitted. See Gr. [325], mid. — 3. "a fleeing enemy." The par- 
ticiple is equivalent to a simple adjective. — 4. Translate petentibus 
by a relative clause. — 5. Translate " frightened." — 6. Subj. See Gr. 
322. — 7. " having seen this," conspicati. — 8. " three days having in- 
tervened." — 9. "a council having been called together, he upbraided," 
etc. — 10. Translate " held the brought-back [ones] in the number of 
enemies." — 11. See Gr. [268], end. — 12. "having pursued . . . slew," 
etc. — 13. of them ; ex Ms. ♦ 

Li. 

1. "in the course of his inquiry." The abl. without a prep, would 
mean " by inquiring." — 2. " made the enemy a chance," or in English 
idiom, "gave them a chance to fight." — 3. Use abl. abs. "The hope 
of a return home having been taken away." — 4. "for undergoing," 
ad with gerundive. — 5. "makes an end of speaking." — 6. ad with 
gerundive ; a common way of expressing purpose. — 7. Translate " room 
of throwing." — 8. siii opprimendi causa. The genitive of the ger- 
und or gerundive, with causa, is often used to express purpose. For 
sui, see Gr. [348]. 

LI. 

1. In translating, insert "asking" before the last clause. It is 
implied in conclamavit. For the mood, see Gr. 323. — 2. quideni 
emphasizes the word before it. Translate " not even by giving host- 
ages." — 3. Translate "refrain from going on, etc." — 4. Subj, See Gr. 
[328]. —5. Use abl. abs. Translate "he" by se. Why ? — 6. placuit 
ei ut mitteret; lit. it pleased him to send. — 7. See XLVIIL, note 8. 

LII. 

1. venit in spem, "entertains a hope." Notice that expressions of 
hoping, doubting, etc., are modified by the same form of condition as 
hypothetical statements. — 2. " if I had any need." Gr. 270. — 3. See 
note 1 above. — 4. Use quin^ Gr. [326]. 



84 NOTES. 

LIII. 

The left-hand column in this exercise, and the following, contains 
sentences in the direct form; the other contains the same sentences 
made dependent on verbs of saying, etc. The teacher should call the 
attention of the pupil to the changes of tense required by the rule of 
sequence, as well as the changes of mood. — 1. See Gr. [268]. — 2. Use 
ullus. — 3. When a fut. indie, becomes infin. the act. periphrastic iiifin. 
must be used, as the future lacks the infin. 

LIV. 

1. These verbs are fut. perf. — 2. Perf. " where we have taken our 
stand"; constitimus. — 3. ut w. subj. — 4. infinitive. 

LV. 

The pupil should be required to change all the sentences of these 
exercises to the direct form. 

1. Notice that the relative clauses at the end are not a part of what 
is said to Caesar, but are remarks added by the writer. They are in the 
indicative, therefore. See Gr. [322], end. — 2. pro. — 3. Translate "that 
there were two parties of all Gaul.'^ — 4. Use impf. " When they [had 
fought and] were [still] fighting many years. — 5. de, concerning. — 
6. " summoned by means of pay." — 7. " on account of this thing." — 
8. " bound neither by an oath, nor," etc. 

[The remaining lessons, LYI. to LX., are intended to give additional 
drill on the various ways of expressing time and place in Latin, and 
at the same time to serve as a general review of the more common con- 
structions of syntax. Many of the sentences in them are repeated 
from previous lessons. Not only the head matter, but also the notes of 
the Grammar, should be studied in connection with them.] 

LVI. 

1. See Gr. 339. — 2. ad with the name of a town means to or in 
the vicinity of. — 3. See Gr. [297], end. — 4. minus often has the same 
force as non. 

LVII. 

1. See LVI., note 2. 

Li VIII. 

1. The adj. inortuus, dead, with the verb sum, supplies the lack- 
ing tenses of morior. — 2. a. d. = ante diem. — 3. See Gr. [330]. — 



NOTES. 85 



4. "a while." — 6. ad with dates means oMoiU. — 6. Cassian war, i.e. war 
with Cassius. — 7. See Gr. [330], mid. 

lilX. 

1. "early in the night." — 2. ''it will come to pass." — 3. See Gr. 
325. 

LX. 

1. qui=ii qui, as often, "those who." — ipsorum = an emphatic 
"their." — 3. See Gr. [267], end. — 4. " for this reason." The rel. clause 
is the favorite construction in Latin, and is of ten used where the English 
idiom requires a demonstrative. — 5. "which it has been said that the 
Gaul's occupy." — 6. "is bounded." — 7. "off the Sequani"; i.e. on 
that side of the country where the Sequani dwell. So a dextra means 
"on the right," etc. — 8. "slopes"; i.e. extends. — 9. "they look to 
the north " ; i.e. their country stretches away in a northerly direction. — 
10. The whole phrase means " north-west." — 11. apud before the name 
of a man means " at the house of " ; before the name of a people, " in 
the country of," " among." — 12. Insert " saying " which is implied in 
persuasit. — 13. See Gr. [297]. — 14. hoc . . . quod, "for the reason 
that." — 15. "on" one side.-— 16. See Gr. 295. — 17. "in proportion to," 
" considering." — 18. sibi suscepit, " took on himself." — 19. See Gr. 344. 
plebi acceptus = popular. — 20. " when they have seized," or " after 
seizing," abl. abs. expressing time. See Gr. [307]. — 21. See Gr. [290], — 

22. "compel him to plead in chains," i.e. arrest and bring to trial. — 

23. damnatum limits the understood object of sequi. "it was right 
that the punishment should overtake the condemned [criminal], i.e. 
the law required this punishment to be inflicted on him if he were 
found guilty. — 24. " appointed day of the pleading," i.e. day set for 
the pleading, or for his trial. — -25. famUia, slaves ; not family in the 
English sense. — 26. escaped trial, lit. rescued himself in order not to 
plead his case. — 27. died. The adj. mortuus supplies the place of 
the lacking participle of morior, and with the verb sum has the same 
meaning as the complete tenses. — 28, The Latin expression for " com- 
mitted suicide." 



LATI^ Il^DEX. 



A. = Aulus. 

a (prep. w. abl.), from^ aivay from ; 

b7j (to denote the agent); a dex- 

tro cornu, on the right icing. 
ab (prep. w. abl.), from, aioayfrom, 

hy.^ 
abe6, -ire, -ii, -itum, to go aicay, 

depart. 
abstined, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- 
turn, to hold off, abstain, refrain. 
absum, abesse, afui, afiiturus, 

to be aicay, be absent, be distant. 
ac (conj.), and. 
acceptus, -a, -um, acceptable; 

plebi acceptus, jjopular. 
accidO, -cidere, -cidi, to happen. 
accipid, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- 

tum, to receive. 
acies, -ei, edge; line (of battle); 

army (in order of battle). 
acriter (adv.), sharply , fiercely . 
ad (prep. w. ace), to, toicard ; for ; 

near, adjoining. 
addtico, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 

tum, to lead, move, influence. 
ade6, -ire, -ii, -itum, to go to, go 

near, approach, visit. 
adfer5, -ferre, -tiili, -latum, to 

bring, bring on. 
adfici6, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 

to affect. 
adscendd, -scendere, -scendi, 

-scensum, to ascend. 
adsciscd, -sciscere, -scivi, -sci- 

tum, to take to, join to (one's 

self). 



adsiim, adesse, adfui, adfutti- 
rus, to be present, be by. 

adventus, -us, coming, arrival. 

adverto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
sum (Gr. [268]), to turn to; 
animum advertere, to turn the 
mind to, notice. 

Aemilius, -i, J^milius. 

aequus, -a, -um, equal, even, leveL 

aestas, -atis, summer. 

affero ; see adfero. 

af field, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
see adficiO. 

ag^er, ag'ri (Gr. 66), land, farm- 
land, country. 

a^6, ag-ere, egi, actum, to do, 
deal, to hold, conduct, to talk. 

aliquis, -qua, -quid (Gr. 141), 
some one. 

alius, -a, -ud (Gr. 71), another; 
alius . . . alius, one . . . another, 
alii . . . alii, some . . . others. 

AUobrog-es, -um, Allobroges (a 
Gallic tribe). 

Alpes, -ium (f.), Alps. 

alter, -a, -um (Gr. 71), the other ; 
alter . . . alter, the 07ie . . . the 
other ; pi. alteri . . . alteri, one 
party . . . the other party. 

altitudo, -inis, height, depth. 

altus, -a, -iim, high, deep. 

amicitia, -Qi,G , friendship . 

amicus, -a, -um, friendly, often 
as a noun, arnicas, friend. 

amittd, -mittere, -misi, -mis-^ 
sum, to lose. 

am6, -are, -avi, -atum, to love. 



LATIN INDEX. 



amplius (adv.), more. 

anceps, -cipitis ( Gr. [115] ) , 

double, doubtful. 
angustus, -a, -um, narroiv. 
animadverto, -vertere, -verti, 

-versum, to notice. 
animus, -i, spirit, mind, courage. 
annus, -i, year. 
ante (prep. w. ace), before. 
ante (adv.), before, formerly . 
ante diem (Gr. [268]), the day be- 
fore. 
antiquus, -a, -iim, ancient, old. 
append, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

call. 
appetd, -petere, -petivi, -peti- 

tum, to seek. 
Aprilis, -is, April ; idas apriles, 

Apr. 13 (Gr. 496). 
apiid (prep. w. ace), among, vnth. 
Aquitania, -ae, Aquitania (S. W. 

France) . 
Aquitanus, -a, -um, Aqidtanian. 
Arar, -aris (Gr. [102]), the Arar 

(river, now Saone) . 
arbitror, -ari, -atiis, to tJmik, 

judge. 
Ariovistiis, -i, Ariovistus (a Ger- 
man king) . 
arma, -oriim, arms. 
arx, arcis, fort, citadel. 
ascendd, -scendere, -scendi, as- 

censum ; see adscendO. 
ascensus, -us, ascent. 
atque (conj.), and. 
atting-d, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum, 

to reach to, touch. 
auctoritas, -atis, authority, influ- 
ence. 
audacius (adv.), more boldly. 
aude5, audere, ausiis (Gr. [216]), 

to dai^e. 
aufer5, auferre, abstiili, abla- 

tum, to taJce away. 
aut (conj.), or; aut . . . aut, either 

» . o or. 



autem (conj.), but, moreover. 

auxilium, -i, help, aid; pi. aux- 
ilia, auxiliary troops. 

avertd, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
sum, to turn away, turn aside ; 
aversus, turned aivay, fleeing. 

B. 
barbarus, -a, -um, barbarous. 
Belgae, -arum, Belgians. 
bell6, -are, -avi, -atum, to loar, 

make IV ar. 
bellum, -i, v)ar. 
Bibracte, -is (n.) (Gr. [100]), Bi- 

bracte (a town), 
biduum, -i, tv^o days. 
biennium, -i, ti.DO years. 
Boji, -orum, Boii (a tribe), 
bonus, -a, -iim (Gr. [123]), i 



C. = Gaius. 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, to 

fall, happen. 

Caesar, -aris, Csesar. 

calamitas, -atis, defeat, misfor- 
tune. 

capio, capere, cepi, captiim, to 
take, receive. 

carrus, -i, cart. 

Cassianus, -a, -um, Cassian, of 
Cassius. 

Cassiiis, -i, Cassius. 

castellum, -i,fort, redoubt. 

Casticus, -i, Casticus. 

castra, -5rum, camp. 

casus, -us, fall, chance, accident. 

Catamantaloedis, -is, Cataman- 
talcedis. 

causa, -ae, cause, reason; abl. 
causa, for the sake; causam 
dicere, to p)lead one^s cause, be 
tried. 

celeriter (adv.), quickly. 

Celtae, -arum, Celts. 

census, -us, census, count. 



LATIN INDEX. 



89 



centum, hundred, 
centuri6, -onis, centurion. 
certior, -ius, more certain; cer- 

tiorem facere, to make {one) 

more certain, to inform ; certior 

fieri, to he informed. 
cibaria, -orum, food; cibaria 

molita, ground food ; i.e. meal. 
Cimbri -orum, Cimhri. 
circiter (adv.), about. 
circuitus, -us, circuit. 
circum (prep. w. ace), around, 

about. 
exterior, -ius (Gr. [123]), nearer. 
civitas, -atis, state. 
cliens, -ntis, client. 
coemQ, -emere, -emi, -emptum, 

to buy up, buy. 
{coepi5, coepere], coepi, coep- 

tiim, to beg in. (The incomplete 

tenses are found only in old Latin.) 
cognosce, -noscere, -novi, -ni- 

tiim, to learn ; perf . cog-novi, to 

know. 
cog's, cogere, coegi, coactum, 

to collect, compel. 
collis, -is (m.), hill. 
collocO, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

X)lace,p)ost, settle (a colony), 
colloquor, -loqui, -locutus, to 

talk icith, converse. 
colloquium, -i, conversation, con- 
ference. 
commeatus, -us, provisions, sup- 
lilies. 
commemord, -are, -avi, -atum, 

to tell, relate. 
comme5, -are, -avi, -atum, logo 

and come; comraeo Sb6., to visit. 
committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 

siim, to entrust, commit, to join 

(battle). 
commodus, -a, -um, fit, useful, 

p>roper. 
communi5, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to 

wall in, fortify. 



compard, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

prepare, make ready. 
c5natum, -i (a thing attempted). 

attempt. 
conatus, -us, attempt. 
concedd, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 

siim, to grant, alloiu. 
concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

gain, gain over, get. 
concilium, -i, council. 
conclamd, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

cry out. 
concursus, -us, assembling, com- 
ing together. 
conducd, -du cere, -duxi -duc- 

tiim, to bring together, bring 

along. 
conferO, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, to 

collect, bring together, to co7n- 

pare; se conferre, to betake 

one's self, go. 
confici5, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 

to do, accomplish, finish. 
confidO, -fidere, -fisus (Gr. [216]), 

to trust, confide in. 
confirmd, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

fix, appoint ; to strengthen, en- 
courage ; to make (peace) ; to 

assure, promise. 
conjici6, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, 

to throio ; se conjicere, betake 

one's self. 
conjurati6, -5nis, conspiracy, 

league. 
Conor, -ari, -atus, to try, attempt. 
conscisc6, -sciscere, -scivi, -sci- 

tum ; sibi mortem conscis- 

cere, to kill one's self. 
conscrib6, -scribere, -scripsi, 

-scriptiim, to levy (troops) . 
Considiiis, -i, Considius. 
consid6, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, 

to settle, encamp. 
consilium, -i, pAan. 
consolor, -ari, -atus, to console, 

cheer, encourage. 



90 



LATIN INDEX. 



conspIci6, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn, to see, perceive. 

constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum, to 
determine, decide on, appoint, 
place. 

consuescO, -suescere, -suevi, 
suetum, to get used ; perf . con- 
suevi, to he loont. 

consul, -ulis, consid. 

contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
turn, to strive, hasten ; to con- 
tend, fight. 

continenter (adv.), continucdly, 
constantly. 

contineO, -tinere, -tinui, to hold 
in, bound, keep in. 

continuus, -a, -um, successive. 

contumelia, -ae, insult, 

convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
tum, to come together, meet, 
assemble. 

conventus, -ils, meeting, assem- 
bly ; pi. assizes. 

converts, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
sum, to turn, change. 

copia, -ae, j^lenty, supply. In pi. 
copiae,/o?'ces, troops. 

comu, -us, horn, loing {oi ansivuij) . 

corpus, -oris, body. 

cotidianus, -a, -um ; see quotid. 

Crassus, -i, Crassus. 

cremd, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
bur7i, set on fire. 

cultus, -us, civilization, refine- 
ment. 

cum (prep. w. abl.), icith, along 
ivith. 

cum (conj.) (Gr. [328] , [329] , [330] ), 
lohen, since, because, cdthough. 

cupidissime (adv.), rnost eagerly. 

cupiditas, -atis, desire, greed. 

ciipidus, -a, -um, desirous, fond. 

cura, -ae, care. 

euro, -are, -avi, -atum, to care 
for, attend to. 

custos, -odis, giiard, sentinel. 



D. 

damnO, -are, -avi, -atum, to con- 

de7nn. 
de (prep. w. abl.), doivn frorn, 

from, concerning, about; de 

quart a vigilia, in the fourth 

ivatch, in the course of . . . 
debeO, -ere, -ui, -itum, to owe^ 

ought. 
decem, ten. 

decimus, -a, -iim, tenth, 
decurid, -onis, decurion (a mili- 
tary officer) . 
deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 

tum, to lead, lead down. 
defends, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- 

siim, to defend. 
defetiscor, -fetisci, -fessus, to 

groiD iveary ; part, defessus, 

tired, ivorn out. 
dejiciO, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, 

to cast doivn, throiv aivay ; partic. 

dejectus, disappointed. 
delegb, -leg-ere, -legi, -lectum, 

to choose. 
delibero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

deliberate, consider. 
delig'6 ; see deleg'6. 
deminuO, -uere, -ui, -utum, to 

lessen. 
demum (adv.), at last, at length. 
desistd, -sistere, -stiti, desti- 

t iim, to cease from, leave off, desist. 
desum, deesse, defui, defutu- 

rus, to be loanting, be lacking. 
deterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to 

frighten ; to hinder. 
deiis, -i (Gr. 68), god. 
deveh6, -vehere, -vexi, -vec- 

tum, to bring doivn, bring. 
dexter, -a, -um ; also, -tra, -trum, 

right, on the right hand; as a 

noun, dextra, the right hand, 

the right side ov flank. 
dic6, dicere, dixi, dictum, to say, 

tell, appoint, plead (one's cause).. 



LATIN INDEX. 



91 



dictiO, -onis, pleading. 
dies, ei (c), day ; a while. 
differo, -ferre, -distiili, -dila- 

tum, to differ. 
difficilis, -e^ (Gr. 121), hard, diffi- 

cidt. 
dimitto, -mitt ere, -misi, mis- 
sura, to dismiss. 
dis, ditis, rich. 
discedd, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 

sum, to depart, go out or 

aivay. 
dispond, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 

tum, to arrange, place, X)ost. 
diu (adv.), long. 
diutiiis (adv.), longer. 
Divic6, -onis, Divico. 
divide, -videre, -visi, -visum, to 

divide, separate. 
Divitiacus, -i, Divitiacus. 
do, dare, dedi, datum (Gr. 226), 

to give, grant. 
dolor, -oris, grief, sorroio. 
domus, -us (f.) (Gr. [115]), house, 

home ; domi, at home ; domum, 

home, homewards. (Gr. [273] and 

[265].) ^ 
dubitatio, -onis, doubt. 
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful; non 

est dubium, there is no doubt. 
ducenti, -ae, -a, tivo Mindred. 
ducO, ducere, duxi, ductum, 

to lead, bring ; to think, regard ; 

ducere in matrimonium, or 

often diicere alone, to marry 

(said of the man), 
dum (conj.) (Gr. [330]), lohile. 
Dumnorix, -ig'is, Dumnorix. 
duo, -ae, -6 (Gr. [72]), tioo. 
dux, ducis, guide, leader. 

B. 

e (prep. w. abl.), out of, from. 
ed6, edere, edi, esum (Gr. 223), 
to eat, consume. 



ediicd, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, 

to lead out, lead forth, bring. 

effemind, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
iveaken, effeminate. 

effero, -ferre, extuli, elatum, to 
bluing forth, biding. 

efficid, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, to 
make, render. 

ego (Gr. 125),/, me. 

egredior, -gredi, -g-ressus, to go 
out, set forth. 

enuntio, -are, avi, -atiim, to an- 
nounce, tell, bring neics of. 

eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum (Gr. 227), 
to go. 

eo (adv.), thither. 

eodem (adv.), to the same place. 

eques, -itis, horseman, horse-sol- 
dier. 

equitatus, -Us, cavalry. 

eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, 
to take aioay ; to rescue. 

et {con].), .and; et . . . et, both . . . 
and. 

etiam (adv.), also, even. 

ex (prep. w. abl.), out of, from. 

GiLeb, -ire, -ii, -itum, to go out, go 
forth, depart. 

exercitatiO, -onis, training, skill. 

exercitiis, -us, army. 

existimo, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
think, believe. 

expects, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
wait for. 

explorator, -oris, spy, scout. 

exquir5, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
situm, to search out, inquire, in- 
quire into. 

exsequor, -sequi, -secutiis, to 
carry out, execute. 

exterus, -a, -iim (Gr. [123]), out- 
side, outer. 

extimus, -a,'-um (Gr. [123]), out- 
ermost, farthest. 

extremus, -a, -iim (Gr. [123]), out- 
ermost, farthest. 



92 



LATIN INDEX. 



F. 

facile (adv.), easily. 

facilis, -e (Gr. 121), eastj, 

facilius (adv.)> "more easily. 

faci6, facere, feci, factum, to 
make, do. 

factio, -onis, party, faction. 

facultas, -atis, supply. 

familia, -ae (Gr. [54]), house- 
hold. 

fere (adv.), almost, nearly. 

fer6, ferre, tiili, latum (Gr. 224), 
to hear, bring, carry. 

ferus, -a, -um, loild, savage. 

fides, ei, faith, belief, promise. 

filia, -ae (Gr. [54]), daughter. 

filius, -i (Gr. 67), son. 

finis, -is (c.) (Gr, [99]), end; pi. 
fines, bounds, land, territories, 
country. 

finitimus, -a, -^Xm., neighborhig ; 
as a nouu, neighbor. 

fio, fieri [fact us] (Gr. 229), to 
be made, become, happen. 

firmus, -a, -uxn^firm, strong. 

flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- 
mand, ask for. 

fle6, flere, fievi, fletum, to 
iveep. 

fletiis, -us, vjeepiJig. 

flumen, -inis, river. 

flu5, fluere, fiuxi, to floic. 

fortis, -e, bold, brave. 

fortitudo, -inis, courage, forti- 
tude. 

forttina, -ae, luck, fortune. 

fossa, -ae, ditch, moat. 

frater, -tris (Gr. 80), brother. 

frtimentariiis, -a, -um, of corn ; 
res friimentaria, corn s?/p- 
ply. 

frumentum, -i, corn, grain. 

f iig 3,, -8ie, flight. 

fugitiviis, -a, -iim, fleeing ; as a 
noun, fugitivus, deserter, run- 
away. 



G. 

Gabinius, -i, Gabinius. 

Gallus, -i, a Gaid ; pi. Galli, the 
Gauls. 

Gallia, -ae, Gaid (now France). 

Gallicus, -a, -um, Gallic. 

Garumna, -ae (m.), the Garonne 
(river). 

Genua, -ae, Geneva. 

Germania, -ae, Germany. 

Germaniis, -a, -um, German ; 
usually pi. Germani, the Ger- 
mans. 

gerO, gerere, g-essi, g-estum, to 
manage, carry on, wage (war). 

gloria, -ae, glory, honor. 

gratia, -ae, favor, popidarity ,* 
pi. gratiae, thanks; gratias- 
agere, to give thanks, thank. 

gratulor, -ari, -atus (Gr. [269]),, 
to congratulate. 

H. 

habeO, -ere, -ui, -itiim, to havcy 
hold; deliver (a speech). 

habit 6, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
dwell. 

Haeduus, -a, -iim, Hseduan ; pi. 
Haedui, the Hseduans (a Gallic 
tribe) . 

Harudes, -iim, Harudes. 

Helvetiiis, -a, -iim, Helvetian; pL 
Helvetii, the Helvetians. 

hiberna, -oriim (neut. pi. of hi-^ 
bernus), ivinter quarters. 

hiberniis, -a, -um, of ivinter, win- 
try. 

hie, haec, h5c (Gr. 134), this ; hCy 
she, &c. 

liiemd, -are, -avi, -at iim, to win- 
ter. 

Hispania, -ae, Spain. 

homo, -inis, man, human being. 

honor, -oris, honor. 

hora, -ae, hour. 

hortor, -ari, -atus, to urge. 



liATHir ESTDEX. 



98 



hostis, -Is, enemy, 

humanitas, -atis, culture, refine- 
ment. 

I. 

lb! (adv.), there, in that place. 

idem, eadem, idem (Gr. 137), 
same. 

idoneus, -a, -um,^^, suitable. 

Idus, -uum (f.), Ides (Gr. 490). 

ignis, -IS (Gr. [99]),./?re. 

ille, ilia, illud (Gr. 131), that, he, 
she, &c. 

impedimentum, -i, hindrance ; 
pi. impedimenta, baggage. 

imperium, -i, power, sioay, mili- 
tary authority. 

imperd, -are, -avi, -atum, to or- 
der, command, levy (troops). 

impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
gain, gain a request. 

impetus, -us, attack. 

imploro, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 
beg, p)ray. 

imports, -are, -avi, -atum, to im- 
port, bring in. 

improbus, -S,, -um, bad, loicked. 

impug-nd, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
attack. 

in (prep.) w. abl., in, on, among; 
w. ace, into, to, toicard,for. 

incendd, -cendere, -cendi, -cen- 
siim, to set fire to, burn. 

incit6, -are, -avi, -atum, to rouse 
up, excite. 

incola, -ae, inhabitant. 

incold, -colere, -colui, to dwell. 

incommodum, -i, misfortune, de- 
feat. 

incredibilis, -e, incredible. 

incusd, -are, -avi, -atum, to 
blame. 

inde (adv.), thence, from there. 

indicium, -i, information. 

indued, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tum, to lead on, induce ; lead. 

inferior, -ius (Gr. [123]), lower. 



inferO, -ferre, -tiili, -latum, to 
carry on, icage (war) ; to inflict 
(wounds) . 

inferus, -a, -iim (Gr. [123] ) , loicer, 
inferior. 

influo, -fluere, -fluxi, to floio into, 
empty (of a river). 

ingens, -ntis, huge, great. 

Inimicus, -a, -iim, unfriendly^ 
hostile. 

Initium, -i, beginning. 

injuria, -ae, ivrong, injury. 

injussu, ivithout orders. 

insequor, -sequi, -secutus, to 
pursue, attack. 

insig-nia, -ium, equipments, in- 
signia. 

institutum, -i, custom. 

instruo, -struere, -struxi,-struc- 
tum, to draw up, arrange. 

intellegd, -legere, -lexi, -lec- 
tum, to knoiv, understand. 

inter (prep. w. ace), beticeen, 
among ; inter se, mutually, with 
each other, ivith one another, &c. 
See XII, note 1. 

intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum, to intervene. 

interea (adv.), meanivhile. 

interficid, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 
to slay, kill. 

interim (adv.), meanivhile. 

interior, -ius (Gr. [123]), inner, 
interior. 

Intermittd, -mitt ere, -misi, -mis- 
sum, to leave off. 

intervallum, -i, interval, distance. 

intimus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), in- 
most. 

invenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
tum, to come upon, find. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsiim (Gr. 132), self, 
he himself, &c. 

ire, to go ; see eo. 

is, ea, id (Gr. 129), this or that, he, 
&c. 



94 



LATIN INDEX. 



iste, ista, istud (Gr. 130), that, he. 
ita (adv.), thus, in this loay, so ; 

ita ut, 50 that. 
itaque (conj.), therefore. 
Italia, -ae, Italy. 
item (adv.), also, likeivise. 
iter, itineris (Gr. [115]), journey, 

march, route. 
iterum (adv.), again, a second 

time. 

J. 
jacto, -are, -avi, -at urn, to dis- 

. cuss. 
jam (adv.), already, at length. 
jubed, jubere, jussi, jussum, to 

bid, order. 
judicium, -i, tiHal. 
j tidied, -are, -avi, -atiim, to 

judge, decide. 
jiigum, -i, yoke, ridge (of a hill), 

hill. 
jumentum, -i, yoke animcd, beast 

of burden. 
junior (Gr. [123]), younger. 
Jura, -ae. Jura (a mountain). 
jur6, -are, -avi, -atum, to sivear. 
jus, juris, right ; jus jurandum, 

oath. 
juvenis, -is(Gr. [96], [123]), ijoung ; 

as a noun, a youth. 

K. 
Kal. = Kalendae, Calends (first 
day of the month, Gr. 490) . 

L. 

L. = Lucius. 

Labienus, -i, Labienus. 

lacus, -us (Gr. [110]), lake. 

largiter (adv.), largely ; largiter 
posse, to have great power or in- 
fluence. 

larg-itio, -5nis, free giving, liber- 
cdity ; bribery. 

late (adv.), widely. 

latitude, -inis, breadth, width. 



latus, -a, -um, broad, loide. 

latus, -eris, side, flank. 

leg'atiO, -onis, embassy. 

legatus, -i, deputy ; lieutenant, en- 
voy, embassador. 

leg-id, -onis, legion. 

Lemannus, -i (Lake) Leman; 
Lake of Geneva. 

lenitas, -§,tis, gentleness, slowness. 

lex, legis, law. 

liberius (adv.), more freely. 

libertas, -atis, freedom. 

licet, licere, licuit, licitum, it is 
permitted, one may. 

Lingones, -um, Ling ones. 

lingua, -ae, tongue, speech, lan- 
guage. 

linter, -tris (c.) (Gr. 102), boat, 
skiff. 

Liscus, -i, lAscus. 

lociis, -i (Gr. [116]), place, position, 
situation. 

longe (adv.), far, by far. 

longissime (adv.), farthest, very 
far. 

longitudO, -inis, length. 

loquor, loqui, loctitus, to speak, 
talk. 

lux, lucis, light ; prima lux, day- 
break. 

M. 

M. = Marcus. 

magis (adv.), more. 

magistratus, -tls, magistrate. 

magnitud6, -inis, size. 

magniis, -a, -um(Gr. [123]), great, 
large. 

major, -us (Gr. [123]), larger, 
greater. 

mal6, malle, malui (Gr. 225), to 
prefer, choose, loish more. 

malus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), bad. 

manus, -us (f.), hand. 

matrimonium, -i, marriage ; in 
matrimonium ducere, to mar- 
ry. 



LATIN INDEX. 



95 



Matrona -ae (m.), Marne (river), 
maturius (adv.), earlier. 
raaturd, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

make haste, hasten. 
maturus, -a^ -ura (Gr. [121] ) , ripe. 
maxime (adv.), most, very. 
maximus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), 

greatest, very great. 
melior, -ius (Gr. [123]), better. 
memoria, -ae, memory. 
mens, -ntis, mind, reason. 
mensis, -is (Gr. [96]), month. 
mercator, -5ris, trader, merchant. 
meridies, -ei (m.), noon, midday. 
Messala, -ae, Messala, 
meus, -a, -um (Gr. 126), my, mine. 
miles, -itis, soldier. 
militaris, -e, military; res mili- 

taris, military matters, icarfare. 
mille (Gr. [11^']) , thousand ; mille 

passuum (a thousand paces), a 

mile. 
minime (adv.), least. 
minimus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), 

least, smallest. 
minor, -us (Gr. [123] ), less, smaller. 
minus (adv.), less. 
mitto, mittere, misi, missum, to 

send. 
m6l6, -ere, -ui, -itum, to grind. 
mons, -■nti'S>{M.), mountain, mount. 
moror, -ari, -atus, to wait. 
mors, -rtis, death. 
mortuus, -a, -iim, dead. 
mos, moris, custom, usage. 
moved, move re, movi, motum, 

to move. 
mulier, -eris, looman. 
multitudo, -inis, multitude, great 

number. 
multus, -a, -um (Gr. [123] ), much ; 

1)1. many. 
muniO, -ire, -ivi, -itiim, lo fortify, 

defend. 
munitio, -onis, fortification, 
murus, -i, vjall. 



N. 

natura, -ae, nature, character. 

navis, -is (Gr. [99]), ship. 

ne (adv. and conj.), not; ne . . . 
Quidem, not even: as conj. w. 
subj., in order that . . . not, lest. 
(See Gr. [325], 424). 

ne (interrog. particle) (Gr. 427). 

nee (conj.), ?ior. See ne que. 

negotium, -i, business, task. 

nem6, -inis, no one. 

neque (conj.), and not, nor; ne- 
que . . . neque, neither . . . 7ior. 

nihil (indeclinable) , nothing. 

nihilum, -i (rare), nothing; abl. 
nihilo minus, nevertheless. 

nobilis, -e, noble, of good birth. 

nobilitas, -atis, nobility. 

nolo, nolle, nolui (Gr. 225), to 
be unioilling. 

n5men, -inis, name, 

non (adv.), not. 

nondiim (adv.), not yet. 

nonnulliis, -a, -um, some, afeio. 

noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours. 

novem, nine. 

novus, -a, -um, nevj ; res novae, 
a revolution, change of govern- 
ment. 

nox, noctis, night. 

nullus, -a, -iim (Gr. 71), no, no 
one. 

num (interrog. particle), (see Gr. 
429). 

numerus, -i, number. 

nunc (adv.), novj. 

nunti6, -are, -avi, -atum, to an- 
nounce, tell, report. 

nuper (adv.), lately, recently. 

O. 

6b (prep. w. ace), on account of, 

because of, for. 
obaeratus, -a, -um, indebted ; as 

subst., a debtor. • ■ 



96 



LATIN INDEX. 



obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus 

(Gr. 280), to /orrye^. 
obses, -Idis, hostage. 
obsi^nd, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

sealf make (a will) . 
obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum, 

to hold, possess ; to get, obtain, 
occasus, -us, fall, setting (of the 

sun) ; occasus soils, sunset, west. 
occidd, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, to 

slay, kill ; occisi, the slain, the 

dead. 
occupO, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

seize, occupy. 
oceanus, -i, ocean, 
oct6, eight. 
oct5decini, eighteen, 
oculus, -i, eye. 
odi, odisse, osus (Gr. [235]), to 

hate. 
omnino (adv.), altogether, in all, 

only. 
omnls, -e, all, every. 
oportet, oportere, oportult, it 

is proper, it behooves, one ought. 
oppldum, -i, toion, walled town. 
oppugnO, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

attack. 
optimiis, -a, -um (Gr. [123] ) , best. 
opus, -eris, loork. 
opus (indecl.) (Gr. [297]), need. 
6rati5, -onis, speech, talk. 
Orgetorix, -igis, Orgetorix. 
oriens, -ntis, rising ; oriens sol, 

east. 
orior, -iri, ortus (Gr. [216] (h)), 

to rise ; to begin. 
oro, -are, -avi, -atum, to beg, pray, 

ask. 



P. = Publiiis. 

pagus, -i, district, ca7iton. 

pando, pandere, pandi, passum 
and pansum, to stretch out, ex- 
tend* 



paratiis, -a, -tim, prepared, ready,. 
pars, -rtis, part ; in utram par- 
tem, in which direction, which 

way. 
parvus, -a, -iim, small. 
passus, -us, ^ace, step. 
pateO, pat ere, patui, to lie open^ 

extend, stretch. 
pater, -tris (Gr. SO), father. 
paucus, -a, -um (usually pi.), /evj. 
paulo (adv.), a little. 
pax, pacis, peace. 
pedes, -itis, footman, foot-soldier,. 
pejor, -us (Gr. [12S]) , worse. 
pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, 

to drive, repulse, defeat; drive 

out. 
per (prep. w. ace), through, by 

means of. 
perduco, -ducere, -duxi, -due- 

turn, to lead through, build, con- 

struct (e.g., a wall). 
perfacills, -e, very easy. 
perficid, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 

to do, perform, accomplish. 
periculum, -i, trial, test ; danger. 
peritus, -a, -um, knowing (of)^ 

skilled (in) . 
permoved, -mover!, -movi, -mo- 

tum, to move strongly, move, 
perpauciis, -a, -um, very few. 
persequor, -sequi, -secatus, to 

follow, pursue. 
persevero, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

persevere, coiitinue. 
persuaded, -suadere, -suasi, 

-suasiim (Gr. [269]), to persuade. 
perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itiim, to 

frighten. 
pertined, -tinere, -tinui, to 

stretch, extend; to pertain, be- 
long. 
perturb©, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

disturb, frighten. 
pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 

tum, to come through, arrive. 



LATIN INDEX. 



97 



pes, pedis, foot ; pedem referre, 

to retreat. 

pessimus, -a, -una (Gr. [123]), 
icorst. 

pet6, pet ere, petivi, petitum, to 
ask, beg, seek. 

Piso, -onis, Piso. 

placed, -ere, -ui, -itum (Gr. [269]) , 
to please ; placuit ei, he resolved. 

plebs, plebis, common people, peo- 
ple. 

plurimura (adv.), very much, 
greatly. 

plurimus, -a, -um (Gr. 123), most. 

plus (Gr. [92] and [123]), more, or 
often simply many. 

poena, -ae, penalty, punishment. 

polliceor, -eri, -itus, to promise. 

pono, ponere, posui, positum, 
to place, pitch (a camp) . 

pons, -ntis (m.), bridge. 

populus, -i, di people, a nation. 

possum, posse, potui (Gr. [222]), 
to be powerful, have influence, be 
able, can. 

post (prep. w. ace), after. 

post (adv.), afterivards. 

postea (adv.), aftericards. 

posterus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), foU 
loioing, next after. 

postquam or post quam (conj.), 
after. 

postremus, -a, -um (Gr . [123]), ;«sf . 

postridie (adv.), on the next day, 
on the morroio. 

postuld, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- 
mand, ask ; require. 

postumus,-a, -um(Gr. [123]), last. 

potens, -ntis, poiverfid. 

pdtentia, -ae, poiver, might. 

potestas, -atis, poioer ; opportu- 
nity. 

potior, potiri, potitiis (Gr. [216] 
(Ji)), to get control of, get, gain. 

praecedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
sum, to precede, surpass. 



praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, 

to put over, put in charge of. 
praemitt6, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 

siim, to send ahead. 
praepond, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tum, to put in charge, place in 

command. 
praesens, -ntis, present. 
praesidiiim, -i, garrison, defence. 
praest6, -stare, -stiti, -stitum or 

-statiim, to stand before, excel ; 

to furnish. 
praesum, -esse, -fui, -futuriis, to 

be ahead, be first, be present, be 

in command of. 
pridie (adv.), on the day before, 
primus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), first, 
princeps, -cipis, leading, chief; 

as a noun, princeps, a chief, 
principatus, -us, leadership; 

highest office. 
prior, -ius (Gr. [123]), former, 
pristiniis, -a, -um, ancient. 
prius quam , or priusquam (conj . ) , 

sooner than, before. 
pro (prep. w. abl.), before, for, in 

behalf of in proportion to. 
pr6b6, -are, -avi, -atum, to prove, 
proced6, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 

sum, to go forivard, advance, 

proceed, 
Procillus, -1, Procillus. 
pr6de6, -ire, -ii, -itum, to come 

out, go forth. 
produce, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 

tum, to lead ovt, lead forth. 
proelium, -i, battle. 
profectid, -onis, departure, start. 
proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus, to 

start, set out, advance. 
profug'iO, -fug-ere, -fug'i, to/ee. 
prohibeO, -hibere, -hibui, -hibt- 

tum, to keep out, prohibit, stop. 
projicid, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, 

to throw. 
propior, -ius (Gr. [123]), nearer. 



98 



LATIN INDEX. 



propter (prep.)? on account of. 
propterea (adv.),/o?' this reason; 

propterea quod, for the reason 

that, because. 
prosum, prodesse, profui, pro- 

futuriis (Gr. [269)] , to be useful, 

be advantageous. 
provincia, -ae, province. 
proximus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), 

nearest, next; proximum iter, 

shortest route. 
pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to fight. 
Pyrenaei montes, the Pijrenees. 

Q. 

quaer6, quaerere, quaesivi, 

quaesitum, to asl-., inquire. 
qualis, -e, such as; what hind of, 

what. 
quam (conj. and adv.), than ; with 

superlatives it emphasizes the 

meaning; quam maximus, the 

very greatest, the greatest possible. 
quamdiu (conj.), as long as, while, 
quartus, -a, -um, fourth, 
quattuov, four. 
-que (conj.), and. 
queror, queri, questus, to coin- 
- plain. 
qui, quae, quod (Gr. 138), ivho, 

lohich, that, ivhat. 
quid (adv.), ivhy ? 
quidem (adv.), even ; ne . . . qui- 

dem, not even. 
quin (conj.), that, but that. 
quindecim, fifteen. 
quinque,^z;e. 
quint us, -a, -um., fifth. 
quis, quae, quid (Gr. 139), ivho^ 

which? what? (Gr. 140) ; any one, 

any thing. 
quisquam, quicquara, or quid- 

quani(Gr .141), any one,any thing. 
quisque, quaeque, quidque (Gr. 

141), every, each. 
quod (conj.), because. 



qudque (adv.), also. 
quotldianus, -a, -um, daily. 
quotidie (adv.), daily. 

-R. 

ratis, -is, raft. 

recipiO, -i&ipere, -cepi, -ceptiim, 

to take back, receive; se reci- 

pere, to betake one^s self, retreat. 
reded, -ire, -ii, -itum, to go back, 

retiirn. 
redimd, -imere, -emi, -emptum, 

to buy, 2^urchase. 
rediti5, -onis, return. 
reduc6, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 

tum, to bring back. 
refero, referre, rettiili, rela- 

tum, to carry back ; pedem 

referre, to retreat, 
regio, -onis, region, country. 
regnum, -i, kingdom, kingly 

Ijower. [rest of. 

rlliquus, -a, -um, remaining ; the 
reminiscor, -sci (Gr. 280), to re- 
member, recall, call to 7nind. 
renuncio, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

announce, tell, brijig ivord. 
renuntio = renuncio. 
repell6, repellere, reppiili, re- 

pulsum, to dinve back, drive off, 

repidse, 
reperio, reperire, repperi, re- 

pertiim, to find, gain ; to find 

out, learyi. 
repug-nd, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

oppose, be opposed to. 
res, rii, thing, matter, circum- 
stance ; res militaris, warfare, 
rescinds, -scindere, -scidi, -scis- 

siim, to break down, destroy. 
rescisc6, -sciscere, -scivi, or 

-scii, -scitum, to learn, find out. 
responded, -spondere, -spondi, 

-sponsum, to ansioer. 
restituO, -uere, -ui, -utum, to re- 

storCf re-establish. 



LATIN INDEX. 



99 



retineo, -tinere, -tlnui, -tentum, 
' to keep, retain. 

reverto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
sum, to return (also pass, re- 
verter, with the same meaning) . 

Rhenus, -i, the Rhine (river). 

Rhodanus, -i, the Rhone (river) . 

ripa, -ae, hank (of a river). 

rog-d, -are, -avi, -atum, to ask^ 
ask for. 

R5rQa, -ae, Rome. 

Romaniis, -a, -um, Roman; pi. 
Romani, the Romans. 

S. 

saepe (adv.), often. 

salus, -utis, safety. 

sang-uis, -Inis (m.) (Gr. .[115]), 
blood. 

Santones, -um, the Santones. 

satis (adv. ^d indeclinable adj.), 
enourjh. 

satisfacti6, -onis, excuse. 

sci6, scire, scivi, sciturQ,to knoio. 

secundus, -a, -ura, second. 

sed (conj.), hut. 

sedecim, sixteen. 

seditiosus, -a, -um., seditious, 
quarrelsome. 

semel (adv.), once ; semel atque 
iterum, once and again, repeat- 
edly. 

sementis, -is, solving (of grain) . 

senatus, -us, senate. 

senex, senis (Gr. [115]), old. 

senior (Gr. [123]), older. 

septentrio, -onis, noi^th (usually 
pl.). 

Septimus, -a, -um, seventh, 

sepulttira, -ae, hurial. 

Sequana, -ae (f.), Seine (river). 

Sequanus, -a, -um, Sequanian ; 
pl. Sequani, the Sequanians. 

sequor, sequi, secutus, to fol- 
loiu ; to he inflicted (said of pun- 
ishment) . 



servilis, -e, of slaves ; servilis 

tumultiis, slave insurrection. 
servlttis, -utis, slavery. 
sescenti, -ae, -a, six hundred. 
sex, six. 
si (conj.), if. 
sicut (conj.), as, just as, 
silva, -ae, ivood, forest. 
sin (conj.), hut if. 
socius, -i, friend, ally. 
sol, so lis, sun. 
solum (adv.), only; non s51um 

. . . sed etiam, not only . . . hut 

also. 
solus, -a, -um (Gr. 71), alone. 
spatiiim, -i, space, distance ; time. 
spect6, -are, -avi, -atum, to look, 

look at, see. 
sper6, -are, -avi, -atum, to hope, 

expect, hope for. 
spes, spei, hope ; in spem venire, 

^' comeintohope," entertainahojje. 
status, -uere, -ui, -utum, to de- 

cide, determine. 
stipendiariiis, -a, -um, trihutary. 
studium, -i, zeal, friendship. 
sub (prep. w. ace. and abl.), under. 
subdued, -ducere, -duxi, -dLic- 

tum, to zvithdraio, drav) off. 
subsidium, -i, reinforceme7it,help. 
subsum, -esse, -fui, -futtirus, to 

he near, he at hand. 
subveli6, -vehere, -vexi, -vec- 

tum, to hring up. 
Suevi, -orum, the Suevi, Sioahians. 
sui (Gr. 125), himself, herself, etc. ; 

themselves ; inter se ; see inter. 
Sulla, -ae, Sulla. 
sum, esse, fui, futurus (Gr. 221), 

to he. 
summus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), 

highest ; summus mons, top of 

the mountain; so in similar ex- 
pressions. 
sum6, sumere, sumpsi, sump- 

tum, to take. 



100 



LATIN INDEX. 



supero, -are, -avi, -atum, to over- 
come, conquer. 

supersum, -esse, -fui, -fiiturus, 
to he left over, survive. 

superus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), up- 
per. 

suppeto, -petere, -petivi, -peti- 
tura, to he on hand, he in store. 

suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- 
tiim, to undertake; sibi susci- 
pere, to take on one^s self. 

suspicio, -onis, suspicion. 

sustined, -tinere, -tmui, -ten- 
turn, to hold out against, with- 
stand. 

suus, -a, -um, Ms own, his, her, 
its, etc. 

T. 
T. = Titus. 
taceO, tacere, tacui, taciturn, 

to keep silent, hold one's peace. 
tandem (adv.), cit last, at length. 
telum, -i, missile, javelin. 
tempers, -are, -avi, -atum, to 

refrain. 
tempus, -oris, time. 
tene6, tenere, tenui, tentum, 

to hold. 
tento, -are, -avi, -atum, to try, 

attempt, test. 
terg"um, -i, hack. 
tertius, -a, -um, third. 
testamentum, -i, will. 
Teutoni, -orum, the Teutoni. 
timor, -oris, fear, iKinic. 
Tolosates, -ium, the Tolosates. 
totidem (indeclinable adj.), as 

many, the scime numher of. 
totus, -a, -um (Gr. 71), ivhole, all. 
trado, -dere, -didi, -ditum, to 

give over, surrender. 
tran6, -are, -avi^ -atum, to swim 

across. 
trans (prep. w. acc.)> over, across, 

beyond. 



transducO, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
tiim (Gr. [268]), to lead over, 
transpoi't. 

transe5, -ire, -ii,.-itum, to go over, 
cross. 

tres, tria (Gr. 118), three. 

tribunus, -i, tribune. 

tribu6, -uere, -ui, -utiim, to as- 
sign, attrihute. 

triduiim, -i, three days. 

triginta, thirty. 

triplex, -icis (Gr. [108]), triple. 

tu (Gr. 125), thou, thee ; often trans- 
lated by Eng. you. 

tiim (adv.), then. 

tumultus, -us, uproar, hroil ; in- 
surrection. 

tuus, -a, -um, thy, thine. 

U. 

ubi (conj.), lohere, when. 

Ubii, -orum, tlie Uhii. 

ulterior, -ius (Gr. [123]),/ar^/ier, 
later. 

ultimus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]), 
farthest, last. 

ultra (prep.), beyond. 

unde (conj.), wheyice,from which. 

undeviginti^ eighteen. 

undique (adv.), on cdl sides, from 
all sides. 

unus, -a, -um (Gr. 71), one, only, 
alone. 

urbs, -bis, city. 

usque ad, up to, until. 

•Q.SUS, -us, use, experience, advan- 
tage; dat. USUI (Gr. [272]), ad- 
vantageous, usefid. 

lit (conj.), as; w. subj., in order 
that, that, so that. 

uter, -tra, -trum (Gr. 71), which 
(of two). 

iiti (conj.), as; that (the same as 
ut). 

utor, uti, usiis (Gr. [297]), to use, 
employ, enjoy. 



LATIN INDEX. 



101 



utrimque (adv.). on both sides. 
uxor, -oris, spouse; husband or 
wife. 

V. 
vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, to be 

empty, be vacant. 
vadum, -i, shoal ^ ford. 
vag-or, -ari, -atus, to ivander. 
valed, valere, valui, valitum, 

to be strong, be able, have influ- 
ence. 
Valerias, -i, Valerius. 
vehementer (adv.), greatly, 

strongly. 
vel (conj.), or ; vel . . . vel, either 

. , . or. 
T-elox, -ocTs, swift. 
veniO, venire, veni, ventum, to 

come. 
verbum, -i, word. 
vergb, vergere, to slope, extend. 
verto, vertere, verti, versiim, 

to turn. 
verus, -a, -um, time. 
vescor, vesci (Gr. [297]), feed on, 

eat 



VesontiO, -onis, Vesontio. 

vesper, -i (Gr. [115] ), evening. 

vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours. 

vetus, -eris, old, a7icient. 

via, -ae, ivay, road, path, journey. 

victoria, -ae, victory. 

vicus, -i, village. 

vide 6, videre, vidi, visum, to 

see ; pass, videri, to seem. 
vig-ilia, -ae, loatch. 
vig-inti, twenty. 
vinclum = vinculum, 
vinculum, -i, chain, fetter, 
vinum, -i, ivine. 
virttis, -utis, manhood, merit, 

courage. 
vis, vis (Gr. [115]), violence, force ; 

pi. vires, strength. 
v6c6, -are, -avi, -atum, to call. 
Vocontii, -orum, the Vocontii. 
volo, velle, volui (Gr. 225), to 

loish, be loilling. 
voluntas, -atis, ivish, consent. 
voluptas, -atis, pleasure. 
vox, vocis, voice, talk, loords, 
vulniis, -ens, wound. 



EI^G-LISH II^DEX 



A. 

a (not expressed in Latin) . 

able ; to be able, possum, posse, 
potui; valeOf vcdere, vcdui, 

about (adv.), circiter ; prep, cir- 
cum ; de (= concerning) . 

absent, to be absent, ahsum, 
ahesse, afui, afuturus. 

accomplish, conficio, -ficere, -feci, 
-fectum. 

according to (expressed by abl. 
case) . 

account ; on account of, ob ; 
propter, 

accuse, accuso, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 

across, trans. 

admit, recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- 
tum. 

advantag-eous, to be adv., pro- 
sum, prodesse, profui. 

affirm, confirmo, -arc, -dvi, -dtum. 

after {con.].), post quam ; often ex- 
pressed by abl. abs. 

after (prep.),posL 

after^vard, postea. 

again, rursus. 

against my ^will, me invito, 

aid (noun), auxilium, -i. 

aid (verb) , sublet- o,-dre,-dvi, -dtum. 

all, totus, -a, -um (Gr. 71) ; omms, -e. 

ally, socius, -i. 

AUobroges, AUobrdges, -um. 

allcw, do, dare, dedi, datum ; al- 
low to surrender = receive into 
surrender, accipere in deditionem. 

almost, paene. 



alone, solus, -a, -um (Gr. 71). 
Alps, Alpes, -ium (f.). 
ambassador, legdtus, -i. 
among, iii w, abl., ap>ud, 
an (not expressed in Latin) . 
and, et ; -que ; atque or ac. 
announce, nuntio, -dre, -dvi, 

-dtum ; enuntio, renuntio, 
another, cdius, -a, -ud; one an- 

other ; see one. 
answer, responsum, -i. 
any, cdiquis, -qua, -quid; after si, 

nisi, ne, num ; quis, qua, quid ; in 

neg. sentences, quisquam or ullus, 
anything, cdiquid; after ne, etc., 

quid (Gr. [140]). 
Aquitania, Aquitania, -ae* 
Arar, Arar, -arts, 
Ariovistus, Ariovistus, -i, 
arms, arma, -drum, 
army, exercitus, -us. 
around, circum, 
arrival, adventus, -us. 
arrive, venio, -ire, veni, ventum; 

pervenio. 
artifice, insidiae, -drum, 
Arverni, Arverni, -drum, 
as (rel. pr.), qui, quae, quod, 
as possible, quam, w. superl. 
ask for, rogo, -dre, -dvi, -dtum; 

postulo, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 
assemble, convenio, -ire, -veni, 

-ventum, 
assign, tribuo, -uere, -ui, -Htum, 
assizes, conventus, -uum, 
at, expressed by abL or loc. case ; 

at home, domi ; (= to) ad. 



104 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



attack, adgredior, -gredi, -gres- 
sum ; impetumfaciOy facer e, feci, 
factum, w. prep, in w. ace. 

attempt (verb), conor, -dri, -citus, 

attempt (noun) ; make any at- 
tempt = attempt anything, quic- 
quam condri. 

attribute, trihuo^-uere, -ui, -utmn. 

auxiliaries, auxilia, -drum.. 

avoid, vito, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 

await, expecto, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 

aware, conscius, -a, -um. 

away, be away, ahsum, ahesse, 
afui, afuturus ; take away ; see 
take. 

B. 

back, tergum, -i. 

back (adv.) ; see lead, bring, 
etc. 

bad, malus, -a, -um. 

bag-g-age, impedimenta, -druyn. 

bank, ripa, -ae. 

battle, proelium, -^^ 

be, su7n, esse, fui, futurus ; be, 
able, advantageous, absent, 
etc. ; see under able, etc. 

"beeiv, fero, f err e, tuli, latum. 

because, quod (Gr. [328]); ex- 
pressed also by abl. abs. 

before (prep.), ante. 

before (conj.), prius . , . quam. 

beg, ohsecro, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 

begin [coep>io, coeperel, coepi, co- 
eptum; begin (battle), co7n- 
mitto, -mittere, -m'lsi, -missum. 

beginning, initium, -i. 

Belgians, Belgae, -drum. 

best, optimus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]). 

betake one's self, se recipio, -ci- 
pere, -cepi, -ceptum. 

better, melior, -ius (Gr. [123]). 

between, inter. 

beyond, ultra; (= across), trans. 

Bibracte, Bibracte, -is (n.). 

"bid, jubeo,juJ)e7'e, jussi, jussum. 



blame, accuso, -dre, -dvi, -dtum; 

incuso. 

blame, free from ; see free. 

blood, sanguis, -inis (Gr. [115]). 

boat, linter, -tris (c). 

body, corpus, -dris. 

Boii, Boli, -drum. 

boldly, more boldly, audacius. 

boldness, aadacia, -ae. 

both, uterque, -trdque, -trumque. 

hrsive,fortis, -e. 

breadth, latitudo, -inis ; in 
breadth, in latitudinem. 

bring, fero, ferre, tuli, latum, 
refero ; bring together, con- 
fer o ; bring back, reduco, -du- 
cere, -duxi, -ductum; bring 
(= induce), adduco ; bring up 
(a river), subveho, -vehere, -vexi, 
-vectum ; bring word, mintio, 
-dre, -dvi, -dtum ; bring over, 
transporto, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 

broad, latus, -a, -um. 

broken, /rac^its, -a, -um. 

brother, frater, -tris. 

build, perduco, -ducere, -duxi, 
-ductum. 

burial, sepultura, -ae. 

burn, cremo, -dre, -dvi, -dtum,. 

business, negotium, -i. 

by, a, ah (to denote the doer) ; often 
expressed by abl. case. 



Csesar, Caesar, -aris. 

call, appello, -dre, -dvi, -dtum ; 
voco,-dre, -dvi, -dtum; call to- 
gether, convdco. 

camp, castra, -arum. 

can, possum, posse, potui, 

canton, pagus, -i. 

care, cur a, -ae. 

cause (noun), causa, -ae. 

cause (verb), committo, -mittere, 
-misi, -missum; followed by a 
result-clause, ut w. subj. 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



106 



cavalry, equitdtus, -iis. 
cea>se,desisto, -sister e,-stiti,-stUum. 
Celts, Celtae, -drum, 
centurion, centurio, -onis, 
chance, casus, -us. 
cliang-e, convertOf -vertere, -vertiy 

-versum. 
character, natura, -ae. 
charge, procurro, -currere, -curri, 

-cursum. 
cheer, co7ifirmo, -dre, -dvi, -dtum, 
chief, princess, -ipis ; chief men, 

2orincipes. 
children, liheri, -drum. [tu7n. 

choose, delego, -legere, -legi, -lec- 
circumstance, res, rei, 
city, urhs, -his. 
come, veniOf -Ire, veni, ventum; 

come together, convenio ; 

come up to, succedo, -cedere, 

-cessif -cessum, w. prep, sub ; 

-come nearer, propius accedo ; 

come to pass, Jio, fieri, /actus. 
coming, adventus, -us. 
command, be in command of, 

praesum, -esse, -fid, -futurus 

(Gr. [269]). 
compasses ; see pair, 
compel, cogo, cogere, coegi, coac- 

tum. 
complain, queror, queri, questus. 
conference, colloquium, -i. 
conquer, vinco, vincere, vici, vie- 

turn. 
consent, voluntas, -dtis. 
Considius, Considius, -i. 
conspiracy, conjuratio, -onis. 
construct, perduco, -ducere, -duxi, 

-ductum. 
consul, consul, -ulis. 
contend, contendo, -tender e, -teridi, 

-tentum. 
corn, frumentum, -i; or pi. fru- 

menta. 
council, concilium, -i. 
country, fines, -ium. 



courage, an1,mus,-i; virtus, -litis. 
course, iter, itineris (Gr. [115] ) . 
cross, transeo, -ire, -ii, -Hum. 
crush, opprimo, -primere, -pressi, 

-pressum. 
culture, humanitas, -dtis. 
custom, institutum, -i. 

D. 

daily (adv.), quotidie; (adj.) quo- 
tididnus, -a, -um (or cotidianus). 
danger periculum, -i. 
dangerous, periculosus, -a, -um. 
dare, audeo, -ere, ausus (Gr. [216] , 

daughter, j^Zia, -ae. 

day, dies, -ei (c); two days, 

hiduum, -i. 
daybreak, p?'ma lux. 
death, mors, -rtis. 
decide on, statuo, -uere, -ui, 

-utum. 
deep, alius, -a, -um. 
defeat, calamitas, -dtis. 
deliver (a speech), habeo, -ere, -ui, 

-itum. 
demand, flagito, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 
depart, discedo, -cedere, -cessi, 

-cessum. 
departure, profectio, -onis. 
depend, nitor, niti, nisus or nixus. 
depth, altitudo, -inis. 
deserter, perfuga, -ae. 
desire, cupiditas, -dtis. 
desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. 
differ, differ o, -ferre, distuli, dild- 

tum. 
difficult, difflcilis, -e (Gr. 121). 
discuss, ^"ac^o, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 
dismiss, dimitto, -mittere, -misi, 

-missum. 
distant, to be distant, absum. 
district, pagus, -i. 
disturb, perturbo, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 
ditch, /ossa, -ae. 
Divico, Divico, -onis. 



106 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



a.ivide, divido, -videre, -insi, -vi- 
sum. 

Divitiacus, Divitiacus, -i. 

do, facio, facere, feci, factum ; (as 
an auxiliary, not expressed in 
Latin) . 

doubt (noun), there is no doubt, 
noil est dubiiim. 

doubt (verb), dubito, -are, -dvi, 
-dtum. 

draw, circumduco , -ducere^ -duxi, 
-ductum; draw up (troops), in- 
stmo, -striiere, -struxi, -stnictiim. 

drive back, rejicio, -jicere, -jeci, 
-jectum. 

Dubis, Duhis, -is. 

Dumnorix, Dinmidrix, -igis. 

dwell, hcibito, -are, -dvi, -dtum; 
incdlo, -colere, -colui, -cidtum. 

E. 
each, uterqiie, -trdque, -trumque 

(Gr. 71); to each other, m^erse. 
eag-erly, most eagerly, cupidis- 
.. sime. 

eagerness, cupiditas, -dtis. 
earlier than, jyrius . . . quam. 
early, early in the night, prima 

node. 
east, oriens sol. 
esbsy,facilis, -e. 
effeminate, effemXno, -dre, -dvi, 

-dtum. 
eighty, octoginta. 
elated, siibldtus, -a, -um. 
empty, to be empty, vaco, -dre, 

-dvi, -dtum.. 
encourage, cohortor, -dri, -dtus. 
end, finis, -is (c). 
endure , perferg, -ferre , -tu li, -Idtum. 
enemy, hostis, -is. 
envoy, legdtus, -i. 
equal, par, -is (Gr. [108]). 
even, etiam. 
exact, sumo, sumere, sumpsi, 

sumptum. 



excellence, bonitas, -dtis. 
except, praeter. 
extend, pateo, -ere, -ui. 

F. 
fact, 7^es, rei ; often expressed also 

by neut. adj., e.g., liMc, these 

facts, 
faith, ^c^es, -ei. 
far (adv.), longe. 
farther, ulterior, -ins. 
father, pater, -tris. 
favor, indulgeo, -Igere, -Isi (Gr» 

[269]). 
feelings, animus, -i. 
few, pi. oipaucus, -a, -um. 
fifteen, quindecim. 
fight, 2>ugna, -ae. 
fight, pugno, -dre, -dvi, -dtum; 

contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten-- 

tum. 
fill, compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum. 
find, find out, reperio, -Ire, rep- 
peri, repertum. 
finish, perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fee- 

tum. 
fire, ignis, -is. 
first, primus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]) ; 

at first, primo, 
five, quinque. 

fix, confirmo, -dre, -dvi, -dtmn. 
flank, latus, -eris ; right flank^ 

latus apertum (open side). 
fiee, fugio, fugere, fugi, fugituin ; 

profugio. 
flight, fug a, -ae, 
flow, fluo, -uere, -uxi. 
follow, sequor, sequi, secutus. 
following, posterus, -a, -um. 
for (on account of), ob ; for the 

sake, see sake ; in behalf of, 

pro. 
forces, copiae, -drum. 
forced marches = great marches, 
forefathers, majores, -um. 
forest, silva, -ae. 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



107 



forget, obliviscor, -Uvisci, -lltus 
(Gr. 280). 

form, facio, facere^ feci, factum. 

former, 2rri07% -ius (Gr. [123]). 

fort, arx, arcis. 

fortify, munio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum; 
communio. 

forty, quadraginta. 

four, quattuor. 

fourth, quartus, -a, -um. 

free from blame, pufgdtus, -a, 
-um. 

friend, amicus, -i. 

friendly, amicus, -a, -um. 

friendship, amicitia, -ae. 

frighten, j^erterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum. 

from, de ; (away from), a, ab ; 
(out from), e, ex ; from which, 
unde ; from one another, inter 
se. 

front, in front of, pro. 

fugitive, fugitivus, -i. 

furnish, facio, facere, feci, fac- 
tum. 

future, for the future, in reli- 
quum tempus. 

G. 

gain, concilio, -are, -dvi, -dtum ; 

gain a request, impetro, -are, 

-avi, -dtu7n. 
Oaronne (river), Garumna, -ae. 
Gaul, Gallia, -ae. 
Gaul, a Gaul, Gall us ; the Gauls, 

Galh. 
German, Germdnus, -a, -um ; the 

Germans, Germani. 
get, get possession of, potior, 

-Iri, -itus (Gr. [297]) ; get used, 

consuesco, -suescere, -suevi, -su- 

etum. 
give, do, dare, dedi, datum. 
glory, gloria, -ae. 
go, eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum ; se con- 

fero, -ferre, -tuli, -Idtum ; prqfl- 



ciscor, -ficisci, -fectus ; go on = 

be carried on, pass, of gero, ge- 

rere, gessi, gestum. 
god, deus, -i (Gr. 68). 
good, bonus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]). 
grain, frumentum, -i; or pi., fru- 

menta. 
great, magnus, -a, -um (Gr. [123]). 
greatly, vehemcnter. 
greediness, cupiditas, -dtis. 

H. 

habit, be in the habit, complete 
tenses of consuesco^ -suescere, 
-suevi, -suetum. 

Hseduan, Haeduus, -a, -um. 

half, half way up the hill, in 
colle medio ; a mile and a half 
= *'one thousand and five hun- 
dred paces." 

hand, manus, -us (f.). 

happen, accido, -cidere, -cidi. 

hard, difficilis, -e (Gr. [123]). 

harm, maleficiuin, -i. 

Harudes, Harudes, -um. 

haste, make haste = hasten. 

hasten, contendo, -dere, -di, -tum ; 
maturo, -are, -dviy -dtum. 

have, liabeo, -ere, -ui, -itum ; ex- 
pressed also by dat. of possessor ; 
have to (=must), expressed by 
pass, periphr . conj . ; I had rather, 
malo, malle, malui. 

he, is, ille, &c. ; in nom. usually ex- 
pressed by the verb-ending. 

height, altitudo, -mis. 

help, auxilium, -i. 

Helvetian, Helvetius, -a, -um ; the 
Helvetians, Helvetii. 

high, altus, -a, -um. . 

hill, collis, -is (m.). 

himself, ipse, &c. (ref.) sui, &c. 

hire, m^ercede arcesso, -essere, 
-essivi, -essltum ; (lit. summon 
by imy) ; gen. of is, ille, &c. (ref.) 
suus, -a, -um. 



108 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



hither, Hither Gaul, Gallia ci- 
terior, 

hold, teneOf -ere, -ui, -turn ; (hold 
assizes), ago, ar/erc, egi, ac- 
tum. 

home, domus, -us (Gr. [115]); at 
home, domi ; homeward, do- 
mum. 

honor, honor , -oris. 

hope, spes, spei. 

hope, hope for, spero, -are, -dvi, 
-dtum. 

horseman, eques, -itis. 

hostag'e, obses, -idis. 

hostile, inimicus, -a, -um. 

house, domus, -us (Gr. [115]). 

hug-e, ingens, -ntis. 

hundred, centum. 

hurt, offendOy -fendcre^ -fendi, 
-fensum. 

I. 

I, ego (Gr. 124); often expressed by 

the verb-ending, 
import, importOf -are, -dvi, -dtum, 
important, most important, 

summus, -a, -um (highest) . 
in, in w. abl.; often expressed by 

abl. or loc. case, 
incredible, incredibilis, -e. 
induce, adduco, -ducere, -duxi, 

-ductum. 
inflict, infero, -ferre, -tali, -Idtum ; 

inflict punishment on, suppli- 

cium sumere de (exact punish- 
ment from) . 
influence, auctoritas, -dtis ; to 

have influence, possum, 
inhabit, incolo, -ere, -ui. 
inhabitant, incdla, -ae. 
injury, injuria, -ae. 
intend = have in mind, esse alicui 

in animo ; also expressed by act. 

periphr. conj. 
intercessor, deprecdtor, -oris, 
interests, res, rerum. 



interval, intervallum, -i. 
intervene, passive of inter mitto^ 

-mittere, -mlsi, -missum. 
into, in w. ace. 
it, sui ; is, ea, id; ille, &c. 
itself, i2}se, ipsa, ipsum. 

J. 

javelin, pilum, -i. 

join (battle), committo, -mittere, 

-mlsi, -missiim. 
journey, iter, itineris (Gr. [115]). 
Jura, Jura, -ae. 

K. 
keep, keep out, prohiheo, -ere, 

-ui, -itum; keep in, contineo, 

-tinere, -tinui; {= stay), se teneo, 

-ere, -ui, -tum. 
know, cognosco, -noscere, -novi, 

-nitum. 
known, to make known, nuntio, 

-dre, -dvi, -dtum. 
kill, interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fee- 

tum. 
kind, genus, -eris. 
kindness, heneficium, -i. 
king", rex, regis. 
kingdom, regnum, -i. 
kingly power, regnum, -i. 



Labienus, Labienus, -i. 

lack, inopia, -ae. 

lake, lacus, -us (Gr. [110]). 

land, ager, -gri ; lands (= conn* 

try), fines, -ium. 
language, lingua, -ae. 
lapse, after a lapse of three 

days, triduo intermisso. 
large, magnus, -a, -um. 
larger, major, -us (Gr. [123] ) . 
largest, maximus, -a, -um. (Gr.. 

[123]). 
last, then at last ; see then. 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



109 



lately, niiper, 

law, leXf legis, 

lay wsiste, popidor, -dri, -dtiis. 

lead, dnco, ducero^ diixiy ductum ; 
lead forth or out, educo ; lead 
back, r educo ; lead (= induce) , 
induco. 

leadership, principdtus, -us. 

learn, comperio, -perlre, -peri, -per- 
tum ; intellegOj -legere, -lexi, -lec- 
tum; cognoscOf -noscere, -novi, 
-nitum, 

least, minimus, -a, -um ; (adv.) 
minime. 

leave, relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, 
-lictum ; (= g'O away) decedo, 
-cedere, -cessi, -cesswn, w. prep. 
de; discedo ; egredior, -grediy 
-gressus, w. prep, e, 

left, reliqims, -a, -wm. 

legion, leg 10, -on is. 

length, longitMo,-inis; in length, 
in longitudinem. 

less (adj.), minor, -us. 

less (adv.), minus. 

let, in hortatory sentences; ex- 
pressed in Latin by the subj. 

levy, impero, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 

line (of battle) , acles, -ei. 

Lingones, Lingones, -um. 

Liscus, Liscus, -i. 

lost, subldtus, -a, -um (taken away). 

M. 

make, facio, facer e, feci, factum ; 
make (war) , infero, gero ; make 
use of, utor, uti, usus ; make 
(= render, cause to be), efficio, 
-fleer e, -feci, fectum; make 
a stand ; see stand. 

man, Jiomo, -inis; vir, viri. *' Men " 
is often expressed by using a 
masculine adjective. 

many, pi. of multus, -a, -um. 

march (noun), iter, itineris (Gr. 
[115]). 



march (verb) = make a march ; 

iter facio, facere, feci, factum. 
marriage, matrimonium ; in 

marriage, in matrimoniu7n. 
marry, in matrijnoriium duco, du- 

cere, duxi, ductum; also duco 

alone, 
matter, res, rei. 
may, in wishes expressed by subj. ; 

may (= one is permitted) , licet, 

licere, licuit, licitum. 
mean, designo, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 
meanwhile, interim. 
Messala, Messdla, -ae. 
Mettius, Mettius, -i. 
mile, mille passuum. 
mind, mens, -ntis. 
missile, telum, -i. 
month, mensis, -is. 
more, plus (Gr. [92] and [123]). 
most, to be most powerful,. 

plurimum posswm. 
mountain, mons, -ntis. 
move, moveo, -ere, movi, motum; 

commoveo. 
much, midtus, -a, -um ; much 

(= many things), midta. 
multitude, multitudo, -inis. 
must, expressed by pass. peri. conj. 
my, meus, -a, -um. 

N. 

name, nomen, -inis. 

narrow, angustus, -a, -um. 

ndjtion, populus, -i. 

nature, natura, -ae. 

nearer, citerior, -ius (Gr. [123] ) . 

nearer (adv.), propzws (Gr. [123]). 

nearest, proxXmus, -a, -um (Gr. 

[123] and [268]). 
necessity, from necessity, ne- 

cessario (adv.). 
neighbor, finitimus, -i. 
neighboring, proximus, -a, -um 

(Gr. [123]). 



110 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



neither, neque or nee, 

ne"w, novns, -a, -um, 

next (following) , posterus, -a, -um ; 
proximus, -a, -um ; on the next 
day, postridie or postridie ejus 
diet (Gr. [285]). 

no, nullus, -a, -um ; no one, nemo, 
-vnis; nullus. 

nobility, nobilitas, -dtis. 

noble, nobilis, -e. 

nor, neque or nee; neither . . . nor, 
neque . . . neque or nee . . . nee. 

not, 7ion ; not yet, nondum. 

nothing", nihil (indecl.)- 

notice, animum adverto, -vertere, 
-verti, -versum, or animadverto. 

number, numeruSf -i ; larg'e num- 
ber, 7nagna copia. 

numerous, midti, -ae, -a. 



osith, j us jurandum, juris jurandi ; 

take an oath, juroy -are, -avi, 

-atum. 
occupy, occiqjo, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 
of, expressed by gen. case, 
off, shut off ; see shut, 
often, saepe. 

old, vetus, -eris ; senex, senis. 
on, in w. abl. ; often expressed by 

abl. or dat. case ; on the rig-ht 

■wing", a dextro cornu. 
one, nnus, -a, -um (Gr. 71) ; the 

one . . . the other, alter . . . alter; 

one another, with, for, to, &c., 

one another, inter se. 
only, unus, -a, -um (Gr. 71). 
opportunity, facultas, -dtis. 
or, avt. 

order, jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum. 
Orgetorix, Orgetorix, -igis. 
other, alius, -a, -ud; the other 

(of two), alter, -a, -um. 
pught, deheo, -ere, -ui, -itum; also 

expressed by pass, periph. conj. 



our, noster, -tra, -trum. 

out, out of, out from, e or ex ; 

go oat, exeo, exire, exii, exitum. 
over, cross over = cross, 
overlook, neglego, -legere, -lexi, 

-lectiim. 
own, suus, -a, -um; also expressed 

by gen. case of ipse. 



pace, p^assus, -us. 

pair of compasses, circinus, -i. 

panic, timor, -oris. 

pardon, ignosco, -noscere, -novi, 
-notwn (Gr. [269]). 

part, pars, -7^tis. 

party, faetio, -onis. 

pass, come to ■£>SiSs,Jio, fieri, /ac- 
tus. 

passage, iter, itineris (Gr. [115]). 

peace, pax, pads. 

people (a n^ition) , populus, -i. 

perfectly, expressed by superla- 
tive. 

perform, facio, facer e, feci, fac- 
tum ; conficio, perficio. 

permit, it is permitted, licet, li- 
cere, licuit, licitum. 

persuade, persuadeo, -ere, -sudsi, 
-sudsum. 

phalanx, pthalanx, -ngis. 

Piso, Piso, -onis. 

pitch (a camp), pono, ponere, po- 
sui, positum. 

place, locus, -i (Gr. [116]). 

plenty, copia, -ae. 

popularity, gratia, -ae. 

position, locus, -i (Gr. [116]). 

possession, get possession ; see 
get. 

possible, as possible, quam w. 
superl. 

post, constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum. 

power, potestas, -dtis; (= sway, 
upper hand) , x)otentdtus, -us ; 
kingly power, regnum. 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Ill 



poT^erful, to be po-werful, jpos- 

sum, posse, potui. 
prefer, malo, malle, malui. 
prepare, compdro, -are, -dvi, 

-at urn. 
prepared (= ready), pardtiis, -a, 

-um. 
present, praesens, -ntis ; to "be 

present, aclsum. 
prevent, p?'o/iz6eo, -ere, -in, -itum. 
prisoner, hostis captus; captlvus, 

-i. 
j[>rivilege, facultaSf -dtis. 
prolong", duco, ducere, duxi, due- 

turn. 
promise, poUiceor, -eri, -Uus. 
proper, it is proper, oportet, 

oportere, oportuit. 
province, pro?;mc^a, -ae. 
punishment, supplicium, -i. 
pursue, seqicor, sequi, secutus ; in- 

sequor. 
put, put an end = make an end; 

put around, circumdo, -dare, 

-dedi, 'datum (Gr. 226). 

R. 

raft, ratis, -is. 

rather ; see have. 

ready, pardtus, -a, -^m, 

reason, causa, -ae. 

receive, capio, caper e, cepi, cap- 
turn; accipio. 

record, tabula, -ae. 

reduce, redigo, -igere, -egi, -ac- 
tum. 

refinement, cultus, -us. 

refrain, temper o, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 

region, regio, -onis. 

remain, supersum, -esse, -fui, -fu- 
turus. 

remaining, reliquus, -a, -um. 

report, nuntio, -dre, -dvi, -dtum; 
enuntio, renuntio, 

repulse, propulso,-dre, -dvi, -dtum. 



request, gain a request, impe- 

tro, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 
rescue, eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -rep- 

tum. 
resist, subsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -sti- 

tuyn. 
resolve, he resolved = it pleased 

him, placuit ei. 
rest of, reliquus, -a, -um. 
retreat, pecZem refero, -ferre,-tuli, 

-latum. 
return, reditio, -onis. 
return, redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum; re- 

vertor, -verti, -versus; also act. 

reverto ; se recipio, -cipere, -cepi, 

-ceptum. 
revolution, res novae. 
Rhine (river), Bhenus, -i, 
Rhone (river), Bhoddnus. 
right, right flank ; see flank, 
ripe, maturus, -a, -um. 
river, flu7nen; -inis. 
road, via, -ae. 
Roman, Romdnus, -a, -um, 
Rome, Roma, -ae. 
room, spatium, -i. 
rouse up, incito, -dre, -dvi, -dtum,. 
route, iter, itineris (Gr. [115]). 
royal povrer, regnum. 
run up, accurro, -currere, -curri, 

-cur sum. 

S. 

sake, for the sake, causa. 

same, idem, eddem, idem. 

save, eripiOf -ripere, -ripui, -rep- 

tum. 
say, dico, dicere, dixi, dictum. 
second, alter, -a, -um. 
see, video, -ere, vidi, visum; con- 

spicor, -dri, -dtus. 
seek, appeto, -peter e, -petlvi, -petl- 

tum. 
seize, occupo, -dre, -dvi, -dtuin. 
senate, sendtus, -us. 
send, mitto, mittere, misi, missum. 



112 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



Sequanian, Sequdnus, -a, -um. 
set, constituo, -uere, -ui, -utum; 
set out, proficiscor, -ficisci^ -fee- 

tl(S. 

seventh, septimuSy -a, -um. 
severe, gravis, -e; severest 

(= greatest), summuSj -a, -um, 
severely, graviter, vehementer. 
ship, navis, -is (Gr. [99] ) . 
shortest, proximuSi -a, -um, 
shut off, interdudo, -cludere, 

-clusi, -clusum. 
sig'nal, signum, -^. 
situation, locvs, -i (Gr. [116]). 
six, sex. 

six hundred, sescenti, -ae, -a. 
sixteen, sedecim, ^ 

size, magnitudOf -inis. 
slain, the slain, occlsi, -drum. 
slaughter, internecio, -onis. 
slay, interjicio, -ficere, -feci, -fec- 

tum ; concido, -cider e, -cidi. 
small, parvus, -a, -um.. 
smaller, minor, -us (Gr. [123]). 
so, ita. 

soil, solum, -^. 
soldier, miles, -Uis, 
some, nonnullus, -a, -um; some 

. . . others, alii . . . alii, 
son, filius, -i. 
sorro"w, dolor, -oris. 
space, spatium. 
speak, loquor, loqui, locutus. 
speech, oratio, -onis. 
spirit, animus, -i. 
spring" up, innascor, -nasci, -ndtus. 
stand, make a stand, insto, 

-stare, -institi ; take a stand, 

consisto, -sister e, -stiti, -stltum. 
stSbVt, proficiscor, -Jicisci, -fectus. 
state, civitas, -dtis, 
stone, lapis, -idis (c). 
stop, prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -Uum; 

(= make an end), Jinem facio, 

facere, feci, factum. 
strongly, graviter. 



successive, continuus, -a, -um. 
sudden, subitus, -a, -um. 
suddenly, reperite. 
Suevi, Suevi, -drum. 
suitable, idoneus, -a, -um. 
summon, voco, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 
sunset, solis occdsus, -us. 
supply (noun), copia, -ae. 
supply (verb), supporto, -dre, -dvi, 

-dtum. 
surrender, deditio, -Onis. 
surround, cingo, cingere, cinxi, 

cinctum. 
survive, supersum, -esse, -fui, -fu- 

turus. 
suspect, suspicor, -dri, -dtus. 
suspicion, suspicio, -onis. 
sway, imperium, -i; dicio, -onis, 
swiftly, celeriter. 
sword, gladius, -i. 

T. 

take, capio, capere, cepi, captum ; 
take away, aufero, -ferre, ab- 
stuli, abldtum; tollo, tollere, sus- 
tuli, subldtum; take an oath, 
juro, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 

teach, instituo, -uere, -ui, -utum. 

tear, lacrima, -ae. 

tell, nuntio, -dre, -dvi, -dtum ; 
enuntio, renuntio ; (= order) , ju- 
beo, jubere, jussi, Jussum, 

ten, decem. 

tenth, decimus, -a, -um, 

territories, fines, -ium. 

than, quam ; also expressed by abl. 
case. 

that (demon.), is, ea, id; ille, ilia, 
illud; iste, ista, isttid ; (relat.), 
qui, quae, quod. 

that (conj.), ut, quin; that not, 
ne; but that, quin. The Eng- 
lish conj. that in indirect quota- 
tions is omitted in Latin, where 
the infin. is used. 

the, omitted in Latin. 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



113 



their, suus, -a-, -um ; when not re- 
flexive, expressed by the gen. case 
of a pronoun, eorum, illorumy 
&c. 

themselves, sui ; ipse, 

then, turn ; then at last, turn de- 
mum, 

there (introductory) , not expressed 
in Latin. 

there (adv. = in that place), ibi. 

these ; see this. 

thing", res, rei ; often expressed by 
a neuter adjective ; e.g. liaec^ 
these thing's; multa, many- 
thing's. 

think, existhno, -dre^ -dvi, -dtum. 

third, tertius, -a, -um. 

thirteen, tredecim, 

this, hiCf haeCf hoc ; is, ea, id, 

those, ii, eae^ ea, &c.; illi^ illae, 
ilia, &c. 

thousand, mille (Gr. [118]). 

three, tres, tria; three days, t7H- 
duum. 

through, per. 

throw, jaciOfjacerey jeci,jactum ; 
conjicio, -jicerey -jeci, -jectum, 

thus, ita. 

Tig'urinus, Tigurlnus, -i. 

time, tempus, -dris. 

to, ad, in ; often expressed by dat. 
or ace. case. 

tog'ether, usually expressed by 
con-; e.g. convdco, call to- 
gether, &c. 

too, expressed by comparative. 

top, expressed by summus in agree- 
ment. 

torture, crucidtus, -us. 

toward, ad. 

town, oppidum, -i, 

trader, mercdtor, -oris, 

train, exerceo, -ere, -uif -itum. 

treat, ago, agere,egi, actum; treat 
as enemies = hold in the num- 
ber of enemies. 



tribe, tribe by tribe, generdtim 

(adv. ''tribewise"). 
trickery, dolus, -i, 
troops, copiaCf -drum. 
trust, confido, -fidere^ -flsus, w. 

dat. (Gr. [269]) or abl. (Gr. 295). 
try, Conor, -dri, -dtus. 
turn, verto, vertere, verti, versum ; 

turn away, averto. 
twenty, viginti. 
two, duo, -ae, -o (Gr. 72); two 

days, hiduum, -i. 
two hundred, ducenti, -ae, -a, 

U. 
Ubii, Uhii, -orum. 
under, sub ; under the sway, in 

dicione. 
underg-o, subeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, 
undertake, suscipio, -cijoerCf -cepi, 

-ceptum. 
unfavorable, alienus, -a, -um. 
unwilling*, invitus, -a, -um ; to be 

unwilling', nolo, nolle, nolui. 
upbraid, incuso, -dre, -dvi, -dtum. 
use, utor, uti, usus (Gr. [297]). 
used, get used ; see g'et. 
useful, to be useful, prosum, 

prodesse, profui, profuturus. 

V, 

Verbigenus, Verbigenus, -i. 
very, expressed by the superlative, 
victory, victoria, -ae. 
vig'orously, acriter. 
villag'e, vicus, -i. 
violence, vis, vis (Gr. [115]). 
visit, commeo, -dre, -dvi, -dtum ; 
w. prep. ad. 

W. 

wag'e, gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, • 
wait, moror, -dri, -dtus. 
wall, muruSf -i. 



114 



ENGLISH INDEX. 



"wander, vagor^ -dri, -dtus, 

"war, helium, -i, 

■warn, moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 

-waste, lay waste ; see lay. 

"watcti, vigilia, -ae. 

way, via, -ae ; half way up ; see 
half. 

we, nos; often expressed in verb- 
ending. 

weaken, effemino, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 

what, quails, -e ; qui, quae, quod. 
which (relat.), Qui, quae, quod; 
from which, unde. 

while, dum; often expressed by 
abl. abs. 

"Who (rel.), qui, quae, quod; (in- 
terrog.), quis? quae? quid? 

whole, totus, -a, -um (Gr. 71); 
omnis, -e. 

will (vb.), expressed by future 
tense). 

will, against my will, = I [be- 
ing] unwilling, abl. abs. 

wine, vinum, -i. 

wing", cornu, -us. 

winter. Memo, -are, -dvi, -dtum. 

wish, volo, velle, volui. 



with, cum, apud ; often expressed 

by abl. case, 
within, intra (time within which 

expressed by abl. case), 
without, sine. 
witness, testis, -is. 
word, verhum, -i; bring word; 

see bring, 
work, opus, -eris. 
wound, vulnus, -eris, 
wrong, injuria, -ae. 



year, annus, -i. 

yet, not yet, nondum, 

you, tu, te or vos ; often expressed 

by verb-ending, 
younger, junior (Gr. [123] ). 
your, ttius, -a, -um ; vester, -tra, 

-trum. 
yourselves, vos. 



Z. 



zeal, alacritas, -atis. 



J. S- Gushing & Co., Printers, 115 High Street, Boston. 



1 

[For Allen & G-reenough's Caesar; four books with vocabulary.] 

PAEALLEL EEPEEENOES TO BLAOKBUEN'S "ESSENTIALS 
OP LATIN GEAMMAE." 



[Unbracketed references are to the head matter. The corresponding note should 
always be read also, and the illustrations studied. 

Bracketed references are to the notes. When a note contains more than one para- 
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BOOK I. 

Chap. I. est divisa, [344]. — lingua, 300. — dividit, [257] 2. — horum, 
283. — effeminandos, 349, [349] 2. — Germanis, 271. — qua de causa, 
443. — quam . . . dictum est, [322]2, 337. 

Chap. II. IMessala, etc., 487, 307. — civitati persuasit, [269] 3. — ut 
exirent, [325]'. — cum praestarent, [328]. — imperio, [297]2. — hoc, 298. 

— id, [269]3. _ fiebat, [309]-3.— ut . . . possent, [326] 5. — bellandi, [288]. 

— adficiebantur, [12] (/). 

Chap. III. quae pertinerent, [322]^. — comparare, 338. — ut occuparet, 
[325]', [269]3, [311]^. — perfacile factu, 352. — non esse dubium quin, 
[326] 1. — regno occupato, 307, [346]. ~ Galliae, [290]. 

Chap. TV. ut cremaretur, [326]^. — igni, [99]^. — die constituta, 60, 
301. — causae, 288. — cum conaretur, [330] i. 

Chap. V. arbitrati sunt, [330] i. — domum, 265. — receptos, [346]. 

Chap. YI. possent, 316. — singuli, [118]. — locis, [299]. — a. d. v. 
Kal. Apr., [268]^, 496. 

Chap. YII. qui dicerent, 325. — sibi, 270. — ut liceat, [325]". — Cas- 
sium . . . occisum, 338. — concedendum, [348]. — animo, 305. — itineris 
faciundi, 349. — dum convenirent, [330]^. — reverterentur, 324. 

Chap. YIII. quo . . . possit, 325, [325]^. — si . . . possent, 323. 

Chap. IX. no vis rebus, [269] 3. 

Chap. X. ut haberet, [326]^ [326]5. 

Chap. XI. depopulatis ac^ris, [346]. 

Chap. XII. flumen, [268]. — Ararim, [99]i. — mandarunt,215. 

Chap. XIII. pontem faciendum, [349] 2. — intelligerent, [330] i. — 
diebus, 301. — incommodi, 280. 

Chap. XIY. eo . . . quo, [298]2. -- quod si, [267]. — vexassent, 322. — 
cum, [329]. 

Chap. XYI. cotidie,[12]-^. — Haeduos frumentum,[262]5. — flagitare, 342. 

Chap. XYII. ne . . . conferat, [325]^. — dubitare quin, [326]. — 
Haeduis, [269] 2. 

Chap. XIX. conaretur, [330] 5. 

Chap. XX. futurum uti, 476. — faciat, [325] 5. — tanti, 274. 

Chap. XXI. qui cognoscerent, 325. 

Chap. XXII. milia, 266. Chap. XXIII. diei, [285] s. 

Chap. XXIY. qui sustineret, 325. Chap. XXY. impedimento, 272. 

Chap. XXYI. coniciebant, [12] (c). — Lingonas, [74]^. 

Chap. XXXI. Caesari, [269] . — adamassent, 215. — quo minus essent, 
[325] 3. — banc consuetudinem, 440. — vicerit, 322. — quin sumat, [326] 1. 

— Ehenum, [268]. 

Chap. XXXII. Sequanis, 270. 

Chap. XXXIII. curae, 272. — ut f ecissent, 333. — quibus rebus, [269]*. 

Chap.XXXYI. quifaceret, [328]. 

Chap. XXXYII. qui . . . essent, 322. — resisti, 234, [235], end. 

Chap. XXXIX. quam diceret, [322]^. _ ut . . . posset, [325] '. 



Chap. XL. cur . . . judicaret, 317, 472. — sibi persuader!, 234, [235], 
end. potuerint, [312]. 

Chap. XLI. imperatoris, [285]. 

Chap. XLII. equitibus, [269]-^. — si quid, [267]. — facto, [297]^. 

Chap. XLIV. si remittatur, 331, 460. 

Chap. XLYI. omni Gallia, 294. 

Chap. XLVII. uti constitueret, [325]"^. — quin conicerent, [326]. — 
civitate, 297. 

Chap. L. utrum . . . necne, 432, 433. 

Chap. LII. phalangas, [74]2. 

BOOK 11. 
Chap. I. vererentur, 322. — no vis imperils, [269] 3. 
Chap. III. opinione, [296] {d). — ex Belgis, [284]4. — potuerint, [312]. 
Chap. Y. rei publicae, 291. 

Chap. YII. subsidio, 272. — potiundi oppidi, 349, [297]^. — omnibus 
copiis, 304. — amplius, 266 or [296] (e). 
Chap. X. convenirent, [325p. 
Chap. XYII. ex . . . Gallis, [284]4. 
Chap. XIX. hostis, [99]^. 
Chap. XXI. posset, [326]2. — defuerit, [312]. 
Chap. XX YII. quo praeferrent, [325]^. 
Chap. XXX. contemptui, 272. 
Chap. XXXII. ne quam, [140]. 
Chap. XXXIII. pellibus, 297. 

BOOK III. 
Chap. Y. pugnaretur, [309] 2. 
Chap. YI. sui colligendi, [348]2. 
Chap. YII. mare, [268]^. 
Chap. YIII. quam acceperant, 478. 
Chap. IX. ut acciderent, [321]2. 
Chap. X. retentorum equitum, 347. 
Chap. XI. adeat, [325]^. 
Chap. XXYI. prius . . . quam . . . posset, [330]^. 

BOOK lY. 
Chap. I. premebantur, [309] 2. 
Chap. II. desiderent, [322] 5, compare [333]. 
Chap. IY. prius quam fieret, [330]^. 
Chap. Y. consuetudinis, [285]. 
Chap. XII. amplius octingentos, [296] (e). 
Chap. XIY. -ne . . . an . . . an, [314]*. 
Chap. XYII. deiciendi operis, [349] 2. 
Chap. XIX. uti convenirent, [325]^. 

Chap. XXI. qui polliceantur, 325. — dare, 335. — magni, [274]. — 
auderet, [311]2. 

Chap. XXIII. convenirent, [330] *. — ut quae haberet, [328]. 

Chap. XXI Y. copiis, 304. — generis, [288]. 

Chap. XXYII. ignoscere, [338]. 

Chap. XXX. hoc, 297. 

Chap. XXXII. geruntur, [309] 1. — ventitaret, [247]i. 

Chap. XXXI Y. quae continerent, [326] 2. 

Chap. XXXY. tanto spatio, 302. 



[For Allen & Grreenough's Cicero.] 

PAEALLEL REPEEEEOES TO BLAOKBUEN'S "ESSENTIALS 
OP LATIN GEAMMAE." 



[Unbracketed references are to the head matter. The corresponding note should 
always be read also, and the illustrations studied. 

Bracketed references are to the notes. When a note contains more than one para- 
graph, a small figure at the right is used to show the paragraph referred to.] 



DEFENCE OF ROSCIUS. 

1. Mirari . . . surrexerim, etc., 468-475; for the order, see 479-482. 
cum sedeant, [328]. sim, [333]. defendere, 335. ut adsint, [326] &. _ 
2. istius, 440. sim, 316. aliis, [269] 2. me, 485. Rosci, 67. reciperem, 
325, [311] 1. fecisset, 327.-3. dixero, [331]. concedi, 234. ignosci, 
[269] 3. — 4. petitum sit, 316. ut dicerent, [325] ". ut arbitrarentur, 326, 
[311]. ei . . . qui, 440. debeam, [326] 2. causae, 269. ut ne, [325] 2. 

— 5- ereptum, [346]. — 6. rectum [esse] se pugnare, 38, 337. proscribe- 
rentur, [330] i. — 7. isti, 440. quod sciam, [267]. — 8. judicatote, [315] 3. 

— 9. Ameriam, 265. — 10. tris, [99] ^. Tiberim, [99] i. ne teneam, 
[325] ^. — 12. despexerit, 333. ut moliantur, 325. quamvis felix sit, 
[321]2. qui habeat, [326] 2. _ 13. qui solvisset, [326] 2. eicit, [12] (c). 
qui fuisset, [326] 2. domum, 265. auferebat, [309] s. urbe tota, [299]. 

— 15. nobilis, [99] ^. qui peterent, 325. vellem, 322. — 17. domo, [293]. 

— 18. ut pugnarent, [326] ^. de parricidio [284] ^. eum jugulandum, 
[349] 2, _ 19, pater occisus, 347. ut optet, [326] 5. qui dicat, 325. — 
21. si postularet, 331, 312. auditum sit, 450. — 22. major, [296] (e). 
de luxuria, [284] 3. _ 30. venisses, [320]. — 32. tibi, 269. veniat, [325] 5. 

— 33. poterat, 449. possis, 316. — 41. diem, 60. — 42. pernicii, [58]2. — 
43. ut componeretur, [326] 5. retineretur, 316. — 45. verear, [328]. 

— 48. quod, quia, [328]. — 50. quasi nescias, [327] 3. — 54. condemna- 
retis, [311]. — 55. an vero, 434. — 57. hominibus, 269. 

IMPEACHMENT OF YEERES. 

3. judicaveritis, [331]. — partim, [101], [248], [267]. devitaverim, 
333. _ 4. dictitat, [247] 1. — 5. cadit, [309] 2. _ 10. constitueret, [326] &. 

— 14. commemorare, 335. — 24. agere, 335. — 29. expediat, [326] 2. — 
31. Nonae, 496. — 44. fuisse desideraturos, 469. — 56. fuisse, 465. 



PLUNDER OF SYRACUSE. 
1. hanc, illo, 440. — 12. eat, 321. 

CRUCIFIXION OF A ROMAN CITIZEN. 

1. dicam, [309] 2. quae sint, [e326] 2. tenerem, [311]. — 2. nescio 
qua, [323]^. — 6. quemquam, 444. — 10. induatur, 154, [267] 2. _ 
12. quod velit, [326] 2. 

THE MANILIAN LAW. 
3. laetandum, 234, [235], end. mihi, 270. — 13. commendetis, [326] s. 

— 19. memoria, 299. amiserant, [330]. — 22. dum conliguiit, [309] 1. — 
27. haberetis, 320. superarit, [326] 2. — 38. existimetis, 317. — 49. quin 
conferatis, [326] 1. — 50. erat diligendus, 455. — 53. an, 434. — 57. ne 
legaretur, 325. utrum . . . an, 432. — 59. cum quaereret, [330]. quo . . . 
hoc, [298] 2. — 64. parendum, 234, [235], end. — 66. idoneus, etc., [326] 3. 
quasi non videamus, [327] ^. — 70. putem, 322. — 71. videar, 326. 

CATILINE I. 

2. oportebat, [309] 2. — 5. fateatur, [326] 2. _ 6. recognoscas, [325] 5. 

— 7. in ante diem, [268] 2. sui conservandi, [348] 2. cum dicebas, 
[330] 1. _ 8. quam te, 477. — 8. ullo, 444. — 9. gentium, [283]. — 10. id 
temporis, [283]. desiderant, [309] 2. — 11. videbam, [309] 3. _ 18. miiii, 
[269] 2. — 22. duint, [226]. est tanti, [274].— 27. mactari, 338.— 
31. nescio quo pacto, [323] ^. — 33. arcebis, [315] 2. 

CATILINE II. 

3. accuset, [326] 2. _ 4. videretis, 333. eduxisset, 320. mihi, 269. — 
5. mallem, 316. eduxisset, [325] s. — 7. ejecerit, [331]. conceperit, 
[326] 2. tota Italia, [299]. — 9. possitis, 325. — 11. nescio quod, [323] 4. 

— 13. ei, [270]. — 14. eiciebam, [309] 3. velint, [326] 2.*_ 18. sis, 317. 

— 19. non vident, 430. 

CATILINE III. 
7. deferrem, [322] ^ — 8. ut uteretur, [325] '. — 9. defuturas, 468. 

— 15. occideret, [325]^. — 20. conlocandum, [349] 2. _ 22. quo, [298] 2. 
si dicam, [331]. 

CATILINE ly. 
6. jam pridem videbam, [309] 2. _ 9. mea, [291]. — 12. huic, [269]. 

— 17. futurum fuit, 449, 455. 

ARCHIAS. 

4. urbe, [254] 2. _ 25. civitate, 297. — 31. quae comprobetur, [326] 2. 



[For Allen's Latin Composition.] 

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PARALLEL EEPEEENOES TO BLACKBURN'S "ESSENTIALS 
OF LATIN GEAMMAE." 



[The unbracketed references are to the head matter in coarse print. They should 
be carefully memorized, and the notes and illustrations to them should be carefully 
studied and mastered. 

Bracketed references are to the notes. When only a part of the note is included in 
the reference, the paragraph is indicated by a small figure at the right. References in 
the foot-notes are indicated as there by «, 6, c, etc.] 



1. 254,255,257. 

2. 262. Notes : c, adjectives are often used substantively as in English ; 

f, ^^ inter se" ; g, "remaining Gauls"; h, 300; i, [308]^. 

3. 426-434. Comp. [314]. Notes : h, 431 ; c, 429; d, 432; a, 273, 299. 

4. 435-445, 256, [257p. Notes: a, "in which day"; c, [298]2; /, quod to 

agree with " head." 

8. 262, [268]. Notes: a, [116] ; h, use prep, a; g, 254. 

9. 269,234. 

10. 277, 280, 281, 289, 290, 291, [297]^. Note : a, capitis, [289]. 

11. [285], [288], [290]. Notes: c, [288]; e, [285]. 

12. 271. Eor the dat. with adjs. a prep, is often used in the same sense. 

13. 294, 296, 297, 298, [290], [300], [303]. Notes : a, [296] (c), the same is 

true of adverbs also; h, [296] (e). 

14. 264, 267. Note : g, [267]^. 

15. 269, 270, 272. Note: a, "to [you] entering." 

16. 295, 297, 300, 303, 305, 306, [274]. Note: 5, [300], [303]. 

17. 265, 266, 273, 284, 293, 299, 301, 487, [268]. Notes: a, [309]i; h, [254]2;* 

c, 490; 2, [273]i. 

18. 213, 345, 348, 349. Note : a, 270. 

19. 316, 317, 318-321, [315]. Note: a, [296], end. 

20. 311,312. 

21. 327, 331, 448. Notes : a, 450; d, [332], 452. 

22. 328,330. Note: a, [309] i. 

23. 325, 326, 351, [346]. Note: e, [309]^. 

24. 337, 338. The tenses of the infinitives and participles denote time, 

present, past, or future, relative to the time of the verb on which 
they depend. Note: 6, [340]-. 



27. 323,324,469-472. 

28. 323. Notes: c, 139; e, [311]2. 

29. [325]", [326]5. 

30. 281,291. 

31. [255]^ [285]. 

33. 315, 318-321. 

34. 346. 

35. 270, 351, 352. Note: a, make the relative agree with Argei, [256]. 

37. [254]. 

38. 283, 284, 286, 288, [285]. Notes: e, [288] ; A, [325]^. 

39. 277,280,281,291. 

40. [269]. Note : /, coepi takes the passive form when followed by a 

passive infinitive. 

44. 274, 294, 296, 298, 303, [297]^, [297]^ [300]. 

45. 266,301,490-493. 

46. 265, 266, 273, 284, 293, 299, [297]*. 

47. [255], [257]2. 

Adjs. are often used substantively, the masc. denoting persons ; 
the neut., things. 

Certain adjs. designate a part; e.g.: summus mons = top of the 
mountain ; media nox = midnight. 

An adj. limiting the subject often has the same force as an adv. 
limiting the verb. 

alius . . . alium = one another ; alter- . . . alterum = each other. 
49. 441,442. 
52. Note: c, [274]. 

54. 327, 449-452, [332]2. 

55. 346, [316], [321]2. 

56. 329, [321]2, [327]^, [330]3. 

57. [309], [330]. 

58. [329], [330]. 

60. 325. 

61. [325]3, [325]4, [326]. 

62. [326]2, [326P, [328]. A clause of characteristic or of result is found 

after guam, than; e.g.: sollertior est quam qui (or ut) decipi possit, 
he is too shrewd to be tricked. 



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